front 1 Which 5 forces explain all relationships between the winds we observe and the patterns of isobars/height contours on weather maps? | back 1 Gravity, Coriolis effect, friction, pressure gradient force, centripetal force |
front 2 _________ air wind are parallel to isobars while _____________ winds go at different angles to isobars. | back 2 Upper, surface |
front 3 Pressure gradient = change in ____________ over change in _____________ | back 3 pressure, distance |
front 4 Air goes from _________ to _________ pressure. | back 4 high to low |
front 5 The Coriolis force causes winds to deviate __________ in the northern hemisphere, ________ in the southern hemisphere and _____________ at the equator | back 5 right, left, not at all/none |
front 6 The Coriolis force is more exaggerated at _______ __________ __________ or closer to the __________ | back 6 higher winds speeds, equator |
front 7 The force of friction increases with 2 things : | back 7 movement (wind speeds) and the roughness of surfaces (the Earth) |
front 8 What are the two types of momentum exchange? Which is has more dramatic effects on Earth? | back 8 The random movement of molecules in laminar flow and eddies, eddies are more dramatic |
front 9 Momentum due to eddies transfers the effects of friction higher into the atmosphere and produces _______ ________________ which we experience as _______ | back 9 eddy viscosity, wind |
front 10 The effects of friction transfer better with what 3 things? | back 10 high wind speeds, lots of surface roughness, and lots of surface heating |
front 11 What 3 things work to increase the planetary boundary layer? | back 11 rough surfaces, fast winds, unstable environmental lapse rate |
front 12 What is the correct order?
| back 12
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front 13 What are the 3 types of winds we discussed? | back 13 Geostrophic winds (Vg), Gradient winds (Vgr), and surface winds |
front 14 Geostrophic winds happen (above/below) the planetary boundary layer because _____________ is negligible there. | back 14 above, friction |
front 15 Regarding geostrophic winds, what is happening after the first step in this timeline (ie, what forces are taking action?, what feedback processes are happening? what does it mean when the forces are balanced?)? Air moves from high to low pressure (pressure gradient force) ---> other forces take action ---> feedback processes ---> balanced forces | back 15 Air moves from high to low pressure (pressure gradient force) ---> Coriolis force takes action ---> feedback processes (continuous changing of direction) ---> balanced forces (wind parallel to isobar because PGF and CF are equal) |
front 16 Regarding gradient winds, what is happening after the first step in this timeline (ie, what forces are taking action?, what feedback processes are happening? what does it mean when the forces are balanced?)? Air moves from high to low pressure (pressure gradient force) ---> other forces take action ---> feedback processes ---> balanced forces | back 16 Air moves from high to low pressure (pressure gradient force) ---> centripetal force and Coriolis effect take action ---> feedback processes (PGF, wind speed, Coriolis force and centripetal force if isobars are curved) ---> balanced forces (net force is being directed at centre of rotation, wind parallel to isobars) |
front 17 Why does wind deaccelerate coming out of a ridge? Why does it accelerate coming out of a trough? | back 17 converges (like a pileup on the highway), diverges to fill a void (lots of space for it) |
front 18 In the upper atmosphere gradient winds affected by areas of high pressure extend ________ and areas of low pressure extend _______ | back 18 north, south |
front 19 Regarding surface winds, what is happening after the first step in this timeline (ie, what forces are taking action?, what feedback processes are happening? what does it mean when the forces are balanced?)? Air moves from high to low pressure (pressure gradient force) ---> other forces take action ---> feedback processes ---> balanced forces | back 19 Air moves from high to low pressure (pressure gradient force) ---> friction and Coriolis force take action ---> feedback processes (friction reduces wind speed which weakens the Coriolis force, no longer kept perpendicular to the PGF)---> balanced forces (slowed wind crossing isobars at an angle) |
front 20 In cyclones air is crossing isobars going around a _____ pressure point and causing ____________. In anticyclones air is crossing isobars around a _________ pressure point and ____________ _________. | back 20 low, clouds, high, dispersing clouds |
front 21 Which is faster, horizontal or vertical movements in the atmosphere? | back 21 horizontal |
front 22 Pressure ___________ slower with height in ___________ air than with cold air | back 22 decreases, warm |
front 23 In barotropic weather ______________ and ______________ are parallel, wind speed ____________ with height and its _____________ is constant. | back 23 isotherms and isobars, increases, direction |
front 24 In baroclinic weather isotherms and isobars (are/are not) parallel, wind speed ____________ with height and its direction (is/is not) constant. | back 24 are not, is not |
front 25 Baroclinic weather produces thermal ______________. | back 25 advection |
front 26 Baroclinic weather is most common in the ___________ _________________. | back 26 lower troposphere |