front 1 What are restriction enzymes and where do they come from? | back 1 They are enzymes used for cutting out specific sections of DNA They evolved in bacteria as defense mechanisms against viruses. |
front 2 Why can’t you use water as a buffer for electrophoresis? | back 2 Buffer solutions contain salts, which help conduct electricity. |
front 3 What are the 3 things electrophoresis separates molecules based on? | back 3 Mass Shape Charge |
front 4 What is CRISPR-Cas9 and how is it used in genetics? | back 4 CRISPR-Cas9 is a method of editing DNA by “programming” enzymes to find a particular DNA sequence in a host cell and cut it out. It can be used in gene therapy or food and livestock modification. |
front 5 What is a restriction site? | back 5 A restriction site is a section on a DNA strand that enzymes bind to. |
front 6 What charge is DNA and how do you know? | back 6 Negative The phosphate groups make them negative. |
front 7 What is a DNA ladder and why is it used? | back 7 A DNA ladder is a set of DNA fragments that’s as a comparison between altered and unaltered DNA. DNA ladders identify weight, size, and stability of DNA fragments |
front 8 What are 2 reasons why we add loading dye to a DNA sample? | back 8 Makes the sample visible The dye contains glycerin which adds density to the sample, allowing it to move quickly. |
front 9 What is lambda and why significance does it have to biology? | back 9 Lambda is a virus. Its DNA is used as a standard for comparison in molecular biology to stabilize DNA fragments. |
front 10 What is a plasmid? What are the shapes? | back 10 Circular DNA found in bacteria. |
front 11 What did NEBcutter allow you to do this lab activity? | back 11 NEBcutter allowed you to determine which enzyme would be best for cutting a particular section of DNA |
front 12 Who was the scientist that developed DNA fingerprinting and what in what year? | back 12 Dr. Allen Jefferys 1986 |
front 13 Who was the actual rapist and murder in Narborough, England? | back 13 Collin Pitchfork |
front 14 Who was falsely accused of raping and killing the two women in the foot path murders? | back 14 Richard Buckland |
front 15 Who wrote a book over the foot path murders? | back 15 Joseph Wambaugh |
front 16 Who were the two victims in the footpath murders? | back 16 Lynda Mann & Dawn Ashworth |
front 17 When placing DNA in an electrophoresis chamber, which side (anode or cathode) should the wells be placed near? | back 17 Cathode, the negative end, because DNA is negative and will travel to the anode, positive. |
front 18 Which laboratory tool would allow you to do a paternity test? | back 18 Electrophoresis |
front 19 What gel is used to separate DNA or RNA molecules? | back 19 Agarose |
front 20 A virus that infects and replicates inside bacteria. | back 20 Bacteriophage |
front 21 DNA molecules that are linked together like chains after replication. | back 21 Catenates |
front 22 The transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells through direct contact. | back 22 Conjugation |
front 23 Describes circular DNA that has a single-strand break (one side cut). | back 23 Nicked |
front 24 A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can replicate independently | back 24 Plasmid |
front 25 A tube-like structure that connects bacterial cells during conjugation to transfer DNA. | back 25 Sex Pilus |
front 26 DNA that is tightly twisted, making it compact. | back 26 Supercoiled |
front 27 A gel-like substance used to separate DNA fragments by size. | back 27 Agarose |
front 28 The positive end of an electrical field where negatively charged DNA moves toward. | back 28 Anode |
front 29 Visible lines showing DNA fragments of different sizes after electrophoresis. | back 29 Bands (on a gel) |
front 30 The negative end of an electrical field; DNA starts near this end because it’s negatively charged. | back 30 Cathode |
front 31 A tool used to create wells in the gel for loading DNA samples. | back 31 Comb |
front 32 A pattern of DNA bands unique to each person, used for identification. | back 32 DNA Fingerprint |
front 33 A mixture of DNA fragments of known sizes used as a reference in a gel. | back 33 DNA Ladder |
front 34 A liquid solution that carries electric current through the gel. | back 34 Electrophoresis Buffer |
front 35 The use of scientific methods to solve crimes or identify individuals. | back 35 Forensics |
front 36 A type of bacteriophage often used as a source of DNA in lab experiments. | back 36 Lambda |
front 37 The separate columns in the gel where each DNA sample is loaded. | back 37 Lanes (on a gel) |
front 38 A colored solution added to DNA samples to help see and track them during electrophoresis. | back 38 Loading/Tracking Dye |
front 39 Small holes in the gel where DNA samples are placed before running the gel. | back 39 Wells (in a gel) |
front 40 The matching units of DNA: A–T and G–C. | back 40 Base Pairs |
front 41 DNA ends that are cut straight across, with no overhangs. | back 41 Blunt Ends |
front 42 A gene-editing tool that can precisely cut and modify DNA sequences. | back 42 CRISPR-Cas9 |
front 43 An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences. | back 43 Endonuclease (Restriction Enzyme) |
front 44 The exact DNA sequence where a restriction enzyme cuts. | back 44 Restriction Site |
front 45 DNA ends that have short single-stranded overhangs after being cut by enzymes, allowing them to join easily with matching ends. | back 45 Sticky Ends |