front 1 What are the natural defenses present in the genitourinary tracts? | back 1 Flushing of urine, Shedding of epithelial cells, Acidic pH, Lysozyme and Lactoferrins, and IgA |
front 2 What are the types of normal biota that occupy the genitourinary tracts of both genders? | back 2 Both sexes have some normal biota in the outer urethra (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus). Males: external penis and urethra have Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. Females: vagina dominated by Lactobacillus; Candida albicans may be present in low numbers |
front 3 Summarize how the microbiome of the female reproductive tract changes over time. | back 3 Childhood and postmenopause: low estrogen, neutral pH, fewer Lactobacilli. During reproductive years: high estrogen → glycogen secretion → Lactobacillus fermentation → acidic pH, which protects against pathogens. Microbiome shifts during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, stabilizes after menopause. |
front 4 What are the causative agents for UTI's (Cystitis, Pyelonephritis, and Urethritis)? | back 4 E. coli (≈80% of cases) and Klebsiella spp. Catheter Associated: S. saprophyticus, Enterococcus. |
front 5 What are the most common modes of transmission of UTI's? | back 5 Opportunistic: Transfer from GI tract (Community-acquired) or Environmental or GI tract (via catheter) |
front 6 What is the treatment for UTI's? | back 6 Hygiene and limited catheter use |
front 7 What is the causative agent/virulence Factors of Leptospirosis? | back 7 Leptospira interrogans (Spirochete with tight/regular individual coils with a bend or hook at the end) and Adhesins |
front 8 What are the most common modes of transmission of Leptospirosis? | back 8 Vehicle (urine of wild and domesticated animals), Contaminated soil and water |
front 9 What is the treatment for leptospirosis? | back 9 Doxycycline, Penicillin G, or Ceftriaxone |
front 10 What are the 2 phases of leptospirosis and describe them. | back 10 Leptospirosis Phase: Pathogen in blood and CSF. Symptoms: High Fever, Chills, Headache, Muscle Aches, Conjunctivitis, and Vomiting. Immune Phase: Symptoms: Mild Fever and headache (leptospiral meningitis). Weil's Syndrome: kidney invasion, hepatic disease, jaundice, anemia, and neurological disturbances |
front 11 What is the causative agent of Urinary Schistosomiasis? | back 11 Schistosoma Haematobium (Helminth) |
front 12 What are the most common modes of transmission/pathogenesis of Urinary Schistosomiasis? | back 12 Vehicle: contaminated water. It invades intact skin and has antigenic cloaking behavior |
front 13 What is the treatment for Urinary Schistosomiasis? | back 13 Praziquantel (Anti-Helminth) |
front 14 What are the causative agents of Vaginitis? | back 14 Eukaryotes: Candida albicans (Fungal/yeast infection) and Trichomonas Vaginalis (Protozoal) |
front 15 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Feature of Candida albicans (Vaginitis)? | back 15 Opportunistic due to disruption of the normal biota. White/curd-like discharge |
front 16 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Feature of Trichomonas vaginalis (Vaginitis)? | back 16 Direct Contact (STI). Greenish Discharge |
front 17 What are the causative agents of Vaginosis? | back 17 Mixed infection of Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium, and Mobiluncus |
front 18 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Features of Vaginosis? | back 18 Opportunistic or UTI. Strong Fishy Odor (Whiff test) due to a reduction of Lactobacilli and Clue Cells. |
front 19 What are the causative agents of Prostatitis? | back 19 GI tract biota |
front 20 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Features of Prostatitis? | back 20 Endogenous transfer from GI tract. Symptoms: Pain in the groin/lower back, difficulty urinating, and painful ejaculation |
front 21 What are the 2 stages of Prostatitis and describe them. | back 21 Acute: virtually always caused by bacteria, usually normal biota from the GI tract. Chronic: also caused by bacteria, often unresponsive to antibiotics, caused by mixed BIOFILMS in the prostate |
front 22 What are the causative agents of Gonorrhea? | back 22 Neisseria gonorrhea (Gram Negative). Infection increases one's risk of HIV infection. |
front 23 What are the most common modes of transmission of Gonorrhea? | back 23 Direct contact (STI) and Vertical |
front 24 Signs and Symptoms of Gonorrhea | back 24 Males: urethritis, painful urination, yellowish discharges, many cases asymptomatic. Females: mucopurulent, bloody vaginal discharge, painful urination. Salpingitis: inflammation of the fallopian tubes and Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Children born to gonococcus carriers can be infected as they pass through the birth canal and Gonococcal eye infections can result in blindness |
front 25 What are the causative agents of Chlamydia? | back 25 Chlamydia trachomatis (Gram Negative) is an obligate intracellular parasite. |
front 26 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Features of Chlamydia? | back 26 Direct contact (STI) and Vertical. Most common reportable infectious disease in the U.S. Lymphogranuloma venereum: STI that invades the lymphatic tissue. Males: discharge and painful urination. Females: cervicitis, discharge, salpingitis, and PID (Up to 75% of cases are ASYMPTOMATIC) |
front 27 What is the treatment for Chlamydia? | back 27 Azithromycin or Doxycycline |
front 28 What are the causative agents of Syphilis? | back 28 Treponema pallidum (Gram Negative) binds to epithelial cells by its HOOKED TIP and stimulates a strong inflammatory response. |
front 29 Describe the 3 stages of Syphilis and the 1 type that effects fetus. | back 29 Primary Syphilis: Chancre (Small, red, hard bump that appears at the site of the entry of the pathogen). Secondary Syphilis: Fever, headache, sore throat, Lymphadenopathy, red or brown rash on all skin surfaces, and hair loss. Latent and Tertiary Syphilis: Damage to small arteries and aortic wall, Gummas develop in the liver, skin, bone, and cartilage, Neurosyphilis: headaches, convulsions, atrophy of the optic nerve, blindness, dementia, and Argyll-Robertson pupils. Congenital Syphilis: Inhibits fetal growth. disrupts periods of development, and causes fetal abnormalities to spontaneous miscarriage or stillbirth |
front 30 What are the most common modes of transmission of Syphilis? | back 30 Direct Contact and Vertical. |
front 31 What are the causative agents of Chancroid? | back 31 Haemophilus ducreyi (Gram Negative) that forms a soft chancre. |
front 32 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Features of Chancroid? | back 32 Direct Sexual Contact. Common in tropics and subtropics. |
front 33 What is the treatment for Chancroid? | back 33 Azithromycin or Ceftriaxone |
front 34 What is the causative agent of Herpes? | back 34 Herpes simplex 1 and 2 virus |
front 35 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Features of Herpes? | back 35 Direct Contact and Vertical. Latency but can be reactivated by stress, UV radiation, injury, menstruation, or other microbial infection. |
front 36 What is the vertical version of Herpes and describe it. | back 36 Neonatal Herpes Simplex occurs when infants are contaminated during birth. |
front 37 What is the treatment for Herpes? | back 37 Acyclovir and its derivatives |
front 38 What is the causative agent of HPV? | back 38 Human Papillomavirus which causes genital warts. HPV-16 and HPV-18 associated with cervical cancer. |
front 39 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Features of HPV? | back 39 Direct contact (STI), Autoinoculation, and Indirect contact. Oncogenes (Females: cervical cancer. Males: genitourinary tract cancer. Both: Oral sex can increase risk of throat cancer.) Vaccine available |
front 40 What are some signs and symptoms of HPV? | back 40 Females: growths on the vulva and in and around the vagina as well as silent infections of the cervix. Males: warts on the penis and scrotum. Both sexes: warts in or on the anus, and the skin around the groin between the thigh and pelvis. Condyloma acuminata: branching, cauliflower-like masses. |
front 41 What is the causative agent of Molluscum Contagiosum? | back 41 Poxvirus, sometimes called the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) |
front 42 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Features of Molluscum Contagiosum? | back 42 Direct contact (STI), Indirect contact (fomites), and Autoinoculation. Causes wart-like growths on the mucous membranes of the skin of the genital area |
front 43 What is the causative agent of Group B Streptococcus? | back 43 Group B Streptococcus |
front 44 What are the most common modes of transmission/Distinctive Features of Group B Streptococcus? | back 44 Vertical (Infants become colonized during passage through the birth canal.) Can cause life-threatening infections such as bloodstream infections, meningitis, or pneumonia. |