front 1 What is homeostasis? | back 1 The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment. |
front 2 Give examples of directional terms. | back 2 Superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, superficial/deep. |
front 3 What are the 6 main elements that make up most of the human body? | back 3 Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P). |
front 4 Function of Oxygen? | back 4 Needed for cellular respiration and energy (ATP) production. |
front 5 Function of Carbon? | back 5 Forms the backbone of all organic molecules. |
front 6 Function of Hydrogen? | back 6 Found in water and organic molecules; affects pH balance. |
front 7 Function of Nitrogen? | back 7 Component of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). |
front 8 Function of Calcium? | back 8 Strengthens bones/teeth, helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and clotting. |
front 9 Function of Phosphorus? | back 9 Part of bones, ATP (energy), and nucleic acids. |
front 10 What are the 3 main subatomic particles and their charges? | back 10 Protons (+), Neutrons (0), Electrons (–). |
front 11 Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located? | back 11 Protons/neutrons in nucleus; electrons orbit around nucleus. |
front 12 How do you find the number of protons? | back 12 Equal to the atomic number. |
front 13 How do you find the number of electrons in a neutral atom? | back 13 Same as number of protons. |
front 14 How do you find the number of neutrons? | back 14 Atomic mass – atomic number. |
front 15 What determines chemical reactivity? | back 15 The number of electrons in the outer shell. |
front 16 What are the 4 primary tissue types? | back 16 Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. |
front 17 Function of epithelial tissue? | back 17 Protection, absorption, secretion, filtration. |
front 18 Examples of epithelial tissue? | back 18 Simple squamous (lungs), stratified squamous (skin), simple columnar (digestive tract), transitional (bladder). |
front 19 What kind of tissue makes up epithelium? | back 19 Stratified squamous. |
front 20 Function of connective tissue? | back 20 Support, binding, protection, transport. |
front 21 Examples of connective tissue? | back 21 Bone, blood, cartilage, adipose, areolar. |
front 22 What is found in the hypodermis? | back 22 Loose connective tissue with adipose (fat) cells. |
front 23 Do adipocytes (fat cells) divide in adults? | back 23 No, they grow/shrink but do not undergo mitosis. |
front 24 Function of muscle tissue? | back 24 Movement and contraction. |
front 25 Function of nervous tissue? | back 25 Communication via electrical impulses. |
front 26 What should you be able to do with tissue microscope images? | back 26 Identify tissue types and structures (simple columnar, stratified squamous, adipose, etc.). |
front 27 What are the 3 main layers of the skin? | back 27 Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis. |
front 28 What is found in the dermis? | back 28 Hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels. |
front 29 What is primarily found in the hypodermis? | back 29 Adipose (fat) and loose connective tissue. |
front 30 What are the functions of the integumentary system? | back 30 Protection, temperature regulation, sensation, vitamin D production, excretion. |
front 31 What does sunlight help produce in the skin? | back 31 Vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium. |
front 32 How many layers does thin skin have? | back 32 4 layers. |
front 33 How many layers does thick skin have? | back 33 5 layers (includes stratum lucidum). |
front 34 List the layers of the epidermis (superficial → deep). | back 34 Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Basale. (“Come Let’s Get Sun Burned”) |
front 35 Which layer is only found in thick skin? | back 35 Stratum Lucidum. |
front 36 Which layer is the thickest overall? | back 36 Dermis (Corium). |
front 37 Function of sebaceous glands? | back 37 Produce sebum (oil) to moisturize and protect skin/hair. |
front 38 Function of eccrine sweat glands? | back 38 Found all over body; secrete watery sweat for cooling; odorless. |
front 39 Function of apocrine sweat glands? | back 39 Found in armpits/groin; active at puberty; produce smelly, thicker sweat. |
front 40 What is sebum? | back 40 The oily secretion from sebaceous glands. |
front 41 1st-degree | back 41 Epidermis (red, painful, sunburn) |
front 42 2nd-degree | back 42 Epidermis + Dermis (blisters, painful) |
front 43 3rd-degree | back 43 All 3 layers (severe damage, may be numb) |
front 44 4th-degree | back 44 Deeper tissues (muscle/bone, life-threatening) |
front 45 How do you identify a burn’s severity? | back 45 Based on how many skin layers are affected. |
front 46 What causes ringworm? | back 46 Fungal infection (same type as athlete’s foot). |
front 47 What causes impetigo? | back 47 Bacterial infection; yellow crusty sores, very contagious. |
front 48 What is HSV-1? | back 48 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 – cold sores; ~70% of people carry it. |
front 49 What is HSV-2? | back 49 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 – genital herpes; related to shingles. |
front 50 What is HPV? | back 50 Human Papillomavirus; causes warts (genital or plantar). |
front 51 What is eczema? | back 51 Inflammatory skin condition; itchy, red, scaly patches. |
front 52 What is psoriasis? | back 52 Autoimmune skin disorder; scaly plaques due to fast cell turnover. |
front 53 What is dermatitis? | back 53 General term for inflamed skin (can be allergic, irritant, etc.). |
front 54 What is basal cell carcinoma? | back 54 Common, easily treated skin cancer; red pimple-like lesion; 99% cure rate. |
front 55 What is melanoma? | back 55 Most dangerous skin cancer; dark irregular mole; spreads rapidly. |
front 56 What is cyanosis? | back 56 Bluish skin due to low oxygen (deoxygenated blood). |
front 57 What does “Come Let’s Get Sun Burned” stand for? | back 57 The order of epidermal layers: Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale. |
front 58 What happens when oxygenated blood can’t reach tissue? | back 58 Skin turns bluish (cyanosis). |
front 59 What’s the relationship between the integumentary and other systems? | back 59 Works with circulatory (temperature), nervous (sensation), skeletal (vitamin D for calcium). |
front 60 How can you tell if a blister contains fluid or not? | back 60 If fluid-filled = burn; if not = wart (HPV). |