front 1 adaptive immunity | back 1 acquired specific immunity after an immunizing event such as an infection product of B and T lymphocytes lymphocytes undergo selective process that specializes them for reacting to only one specific marker |
front 2 immunocompetence | back 2 the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances |
front 3 antigens (markers) | back 3 molecules that can be seen and identified by the immune system |
front 4 is it possible for an antigen to not provoke an immune response? | back 4 yes |
front 5 immunogens | back 5 antigens that provoke adaptive immune response stimulate a response by T and B cells |
front 6 PAMPs | back 6 molecules shared by many types of microbes that stimulate an innate response |
front 7 shared characteristics of PAMPs and immunogens | back 7 they are "parts" of foreign cells (other foreign materials) they provoke a defensive reaction from the host |
front 8 specificity | back 8 highly specific to the antigen against which the third line of defense is directed |
front 9 memory | back 9 the rapid mobilization of lymphocytes that have been programmed to recall their first engagement with the invader and rush to attack once again |
front 10 major functions of immune system markers | back 10 attachment to nonself or foreign antigens binding to cell surface receptors that indicates self receiving the transmitting chemical messages to coordinate the response aiding in cellular development |
front 11 clonal deletion | back 11 occurs when a T or B cell recognizes a "self" marker, and that clone of cells is deleted |
front 12 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) | back 12 set of genes that code for human cell markers gives rise to a series of glycoproteins called MHC molecules found on all cells except red blood cells |
front 13 class 1 MHC genes | back 13 markers appear on all nucleated cells display unique characteristics of self allow for recognition of self and the regulation of immune reactions each human inherits a particular combination of class 1 MHC genes |
front 14 class 2 MHC genes | back 14 code for immune regulatory markers found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells involved in presenting antigens to T cells during cooperative immune reactions |
front 15 class 3 MHC genes | back 15 encode proteins involved with the complement system |
front 16 cluster of differentiation | back 16 markers important in immunity found on the membranes of variety of different cells involved in the immune response close to 400 have been described |
front 17 tissue macrophages | back 17 ingest the pathogens and induce an inflammatory response in the tissue if appropriate |
front 18 tissue dendritic cells | back 18 ingest the antigen and migrate to the nearest lymphoid organ process and present antigen to T lymphocytes |
front 19 antigen-presenting cells | back 19 dendritic cells macrophages B cells |
front 20 clone | back 20 proliferation of a particular lymphocyte genetically identical cells, some of which are memory cells |
front 21 three main functional types of T cells | back 21 helper T cells regulatory T cells cytotoxic T cells |
front 22 helper T cells | back 22 activate macrophages, assist B-cell processes, and help activate cytotoxic T cells |
front 23 regulatory T cells | back 23 control the T-cell response by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines or preventing proliferation |
front 24 cytotoxic T cells | back 24 lead to the destruction of infected host cells and other "foreign" cells |
front 25 gamma-delta T cells can be activated quickly by | back 25 PAMPs and specific antigens |
front 26 a B cell that is activated by an antigen divides into | back 26 plasma cells |
front 27 each plasma cell has the same | back 27 reactive profile |
front 28 innate response activating B cells | back 28 alert many components of the immune system to get active because a threat is on the way in a nonspecific way |
front 29 CD3 markers | back 29 surround the T-cell receptor and assist in binding |
front 30 CD4 | back 30 found in helper T cells and binds to MHC class 2 molecules |
front 31 CD8 | back 31 found on cytotoxic T cells and binds MHC class 1 molecules |
front 32 B cells site of maturation | back 32 bone marrow |
front 33 T cell site of maturation | back 33 thymus |
front 34 B cells specific surface markers | back 34 immunoglobulin as receptors and distinct CD molecules |
front 35 T cells specific surface markers | back 35 T-cell receptor and distinct CD molecules |
front 36 B cells concentration in blood | back 36 low numbers |
front 37 T cells concentration in blood | back 37 high numbers |
front 38 B cells receptors for antigen | back 38 immunoglobulin |
front 39 T cells receptors for antigen | back 39 T-cell receptor |
front 40 B cells location in lymphoid organs | back 40 cortex (in follicles) |
front 41 T cells location in lymphoid organs | back 41 paracortical sites (interior to the follicles) |
front 42 B cells result of antigenic stimulation | back 42 plasma cells and memory cells |
front 43 T cells result of antigenic stimulation | back 43 several types of activated T cells and memory cells |
front 44 B cells general functions | back 44 production of antibodies to inactivate, neutralize, and target antigens |
front 45 T cells general functions | back 45 cells function in helping other immune cells, suppressing killing abnormal cells; hypersensitivity; and synthesize cytokines |
front 46 immunoglobulin (Ig) | back 46 two heavy chains, two light chains one light chain is bonded to one heavy chain two heavy chains are bonded to each other with disulfide bonds creates a symmetrical, Y-shaped arrangmeent |
front 47 antigen-binding sites | back 47 pockets at the ends of the forks formed by the light and heavy chains can be highly variable in shape to fit a wide range of antigens |
front 48 variable regions | back 48 found in antigen-binding sites amino acid position is highly varied from one clone of B lymphocytes to another as the result of genetic reassortment |
front 49 constant regions | back 49 amino acids content does not vary greatly |
front 50 T cell receptors | back 50 formed by genetic modification has variable and constant regions inserted into the membrane has antigen-binding site formed from two parallel polypeptide chains |
front 51 immune tolerance | back 51 tolerance to self removal of any potentially harmful clones through clonal deletion some autoimmune diseases are thought to be caused by the loss of immune tolerance, the survival of "forbidden clones" or failure of other systems |
front 52 antigen | back 52 a substance that provokes an immune response in specific lymphocytes |
front 53 immunogen | back 53 an antigen that has been responded to by the immune system |
front 54 characteristics of antigens | back 54 must be perceived as foreign whole microbes or parts cells or substances that arise from other humans, animals, plants, and various molecules molecules such as proteins or protein-containing compounds are more immunogenic than repetitious polymers composed of a single unit |
front 55 antigens that provoke a strong response are considered | back 55 good |
front 56 good antigens are so named because of | back 56 their chemical composition their context, meaning what types of cytokines are present their size |
front 57 epitope | back 57 a portion of the antigen molecule recognized and responded to by a lymphocyte the primary signal that a molecule is foreign |
front 58 haptens | back 58 consist only of a determinant group too small by themselves to elicit an immune response if linked to a carrier group, the combined molecule develops immunogenicity |
front 59 alloantigens | back 59 proteins and other molecules of one person which are antigenic to another cell surface markers that occur in some members of the same species but not in others the basis for an individual's blood group and major histocompatibility profile responsible for incompatibilities that occur in blood transfusion or organ grafting |
front 60 superantigens | back 60 bacterial toxins potent stimuli for T cells |
front 61 antigens' routes of entry | back 61 respiratory mucosa gastrointestinal mucosa mucous membranes the skin across placenta intravenously |
front 62 when antigens are introduced intravenously | back 62 they travel through the bloodstream and end up in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, kidney, and lung |
front 63 lymph nodes and spleen | back 63 important in concentrating the antigens circulating antigens thoroughly through all area populated by lymphocytes |
front 64 APCs | back 64 macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells |
front 65 T helper cells | back 65 play a central role in regulating immune reactions to antigens involved in activating macrophages |
front 66 stimulation of T helper cells | back 66 antigen/MHC complex |
front 67 regulatory T cells | back 67 carry CD4 markers control the inflammatory process prevent autoimmunity |
front 68 cytotoxicity | back 68 the capacity of certain T cells to kill a specific target cell |
front 69 cytotoxic T cell (CD8) activation | back 69 must recognize a foreign peptide complexed with self MHC-1 presented to it and mount a direct attack on a target cell |
front 70 perforins | back 70 proteins that punch holes in the membranes of target cells causes ions to leak out of target cells creates a passageway for granzymes to enter |
front 71 granzymes | back 71 enzymes that attack proteins of target cells |
front 72 target cells of cytotoxic T cells | back 72 virally infected cells cancer cells cells from other animals and humans |
front 73 gamma-delta T cells | back 73 distinct from other T cells have T-cell receptors rearranged to recognize a wide range of antigens response to certain PAMPs on microorganisms respond quickly produce memory cells when they are activated |
front 74 natural killer cells | back 74 lymphocyte related to T cells lack specificity for antigens circulate through the spleen, blood, and lungs |
front 75 hybrid type | back 75 share properties of both T cells and NK cells display T-cell receptors and NK-cell markers |
front 76 two functionally distinct fragments basic immunoglobulin | back 76 antigen-binding fragments crystallizable fragment |
front 77 Fab fragment | back 77 amino terminal end consists of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains special region of attachment between the Fab and Fc regions allows swiveling of the Fab fragments |
front 78 Fc fragment | back 78 serves as an anchor involved in binding to various cells and molecules of the immune system itself |
front 79 hypervariable region | back 79 site on the antibody where the epitope bind amino acid content is extremely varied a minimal complementary fir is necessary for the antigen to be held effectively |
front 80 opsonization | back 80 the attachment of antibody to foreign cells and viruses exposes the epitopes to which they are bound to phagocytes |
front 81 J chain | back 81 joins the monomers of IgA and IgM |
front 82 secretory component | back 82 helps IgA move across mucous membranes |
front 83 titer | back 83 the concentration of antibodies in the serum can be measured over time to determine how the immune system reacts to antigen |
front 84 latent period | back 84 marked by a lack of antibody production antigen is concentrated in lymphoid tissues |
front 85 active immunity | back 85 immune stimulus creates a memory that renders the person ready for quick action upon reexposure to the same antigen requires several days to develop last for a long time |
front 86 passive immunity | back 86 occurs when an individual receives substances that were produced actively in the body of another human or animal donor lack of memory for the original antigen lack of production of new antibodies against that disease |
front 87 natural immunity | back 87 any immunity that is acquired during the normal biological experiences of an individual it is not obtained through medical intervention |
front 88 artificial immunity | back 88 induced by immunization with vaccines or the administration of immune serum it is obtained through medical intervention |
front 89 intravenous immune globulin | back 89 extracted from the pooled blood of human donors IVIGs are processed to concentrate antibodies to increase potency and eliminate potential pathogens most forms are injected intramuscularly |
front 90 specific immune globulin | back 90 derived from a more defined group of donors who are convalescing in a hyperimmune state after certain infections contain high titers of specific antibodies obtained from a smaller pool of patients |
front 91 vaccination | back 91 exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic discovery of vaccination was one of the farthest reaching and most important developments in medical science |
front 92 basic principles | back 92 stimulate a primary immune response that primes the immune system for future exposure to a virulent pathogen if the pathogen later enters the body, the secondary immune response will be immediate, powerful, and sustained |
front 93 vaccine considerations | back 93 antigen selection effectiveness ease in administration safety cost |
front 94 live, attenuated cells or viruses | back 94 continues to stimulate strong immunity due to the pathogen's ability to replicate in the vaccine recipient |
front 95 whole killed cell or inactivated virus | back 95 contains a wide range of surface markers that can activate the immune responses |
front 96 adjuvant | back 96 a special binding substance added to some vaccines any compound that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site precipitates the antigen and holds it in the tissues so that it will be released gradually facilitates contact with APCs and lymphocytes |
front 97 common side effects of vaccine | back 97 local reactions at the injection site (soreness) short-term flu-like symptoms (caused by our immune response) |
front 98 most common serious side effect vaccine | back 98 risk anaphylaxis for the COVID-19 vaccine, five cases out of a million resulted in anaphylaxis |