front 1 first line of defense | back 1 barriers that block invasion at the portal of entry does not involve recognition of foreign substances general in action |
front 2 second line of defense | back 2 nonspecific internalized system of protective cells and fluids inflammation and phagocytosis acts rapidly at the local and systemic levels |
front 3 third line defense | back 3 acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes produces unique protective substances and cells that can come into play if the microbe is encountered again provides long-term immunity |
front 4 a healthy, functioning immune system is responsible for | back 4 surveillance of the body recognition of foreign material destruction of entities deemed to be foreign |
front 5 white blood cells | back 5 move throughout the body, searching for potential pathogens trained to recognize self, or body cells, and non-self bacterial cells, or other invading pathogens |
front 6 antigens | back 6 molecules on the surfaces of cells composed of proteins and/or sugars evaluated by cells of the immune system |
front 7 autoimmune disorders | back 7 many are a result of the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues and organs |
front 8 rheumatoid arthritis | back 8 the body attacks its own joints and tissues, causing pain and loss of function |
front 9 pathogen-associated molecular patterns | back 9 PAMPs markers that many different kinds of microbes have in common |
front 10 pattern recognition receptors | back 10 PRRs used by host cells with important roles in the innate immunity of the second line of defense to recognize PAMPs |
front 11 extracellular fluid | back 11 found in spaces surrounding tissue cells |
front 12 interstitium | back 12 name given to extracellular spaces and their lymph fluid |
front 13 bloodstream | back 13 transports products of a lymphatic reaction |
front 14 lymphatic system | back 14 a compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs |
front 15 major functions of the lymphatic system | back 15 provide an auxiliary route for return of extracellular fluid to the circularory system act as a "drain-off" system for the inflammatory response render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials, through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies |
front 16 lymph | back 16 plasmalike liquid carried by the lymphatic circulation formed when certain blood components move out of the blood vessels into the extracellular spaces and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries transports numerous white blood cells, fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents that have gained access to tissue spaces |
front 17 two differences between the bloodstream and lymphatic system | back 17 lymph moves in one direction only: from the extremities to the heart lymph is only transported through the contraction of skeletal muscles |
front 18 primary lymphatic organs | back 18 red bone marrow thymus |
front 19 secondary lymphatic organs | back 19 lymph nodes spleen SALT, MALT, and GALT |
front 20 red bone marrow | back 20 typically found in the internal matrix of long bones and is the site of blood cell production all blood cells originate in the bone marrow, including B- and T-lymphocyte precursors B lymphocytes complete their maturation process while still in the bone marrow |
front 21 the thymus | back 21 site of T-cell maturation triangular structure in the upper thoracic region naive T lymphocytes mature at the thymus |
front 22 lymph nodes | back 22 small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs stationed in clusters along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels filters out material that has entered the lymph and provides appropriate cells for immune reaction |
front 23 major aggregations of lymph nodes | back 23 loose connective tissue in armpit (auxiliary nodes) groin (inguinal nodes) neck (cervical nodes) |
front 24 lymph node enlargement | back 24 enlargement of lymph nodes reflects the replication of many lymphocyte clones during an adaptive immune response may indicate the presence of a systemic illness may be evidence of a localized infection |
front 25 the spleen | back 25 lymphoid organ in the upper left portion of abdominal cavity serves as a filter for blood instead of lymph |
front 26 primary function of spleen | back 26 remove worn-out red blood cells from circulation |
front 27 immunologic function of the spleen | back 27 filter pathogens from the blood for phagocytosis by macrophages |
front 28 associated lymphoid tissues | back 28 bundles of lymphocytes beneath the skin and mucosal surfaces all over the body SALT MALT tonsils breasts of pregnant women GALT |
front 29 plasma | back 29 clear, yellowish fluid |
front 30 serum | back 30 clear fluid from clotted blood often used in immune testing and therapy |
front 31 heamtopoiesis | back 31 production of blood cells |
front 32 stem cells | back 32 precursor to blood cells pool undifferentiated, pluripotent cells maintained in the bone marrow immature or unspecialized cells develop the specialized form and function of mature cells |
front 33 immature cells that arise from stem cells | back 33 myeloid cells differentiate into erythroblasts and megakaryoblasts lymphoid cells differentiate into myeloblasts and lymphoblasts |
front 34 white blood cells (leukocytes) | back 34 evaluated by reactions to hematologic stains that contain a mixture of dyes cells differentiated by color and morphology appear with or without colored granules in the cytoplasm |
front 35 granulocytes | back 35 dark staining granules |
front 36 arganulocytes | back 36 do not have granules, large nucleus |
front 37 mononuclear phagocyte system | back 37 support network of connective tissue fibers reticular system interconnects nearby cells meshes with the massive connective tissue network surrounding all organs |
front 38 monocytes | back 38 give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells reside near portals of entry or filtration organs, waiting to attack foreign intruders |
front 39 specialized histiocyte cells include | back 39 liver (Kupffer cells) lungs (alveolar macrophages) skin (Langerhans cells) brain (microglia) |
front 40 cytokines | back 40 products of monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells, platelets, and the endothelial cells of blood vessels |
front 41 pro-inflammatory cytokines | back 41 IL-1 and TNF-B |
front 42 IL-1 | back 42 comes from macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells target B cells, T cells |
front 43 TNF-B | back 43 comes from T cells target phagocytes, tumor cells |
front 44 anti-inflammatory cytokines | back 44 IL-10 comes from T cells target B cells, macrophages |
front 45 vasodilator and vasoconstrictors | back 45 serotonin and histamine |
front 46 serotonin | back 46 comes from platelets and intestinal cells target cells in peripheral and central nervous system |
front 47 histamine | back 47 comes from mast cells and basophils target blood vessels, sensory nerves, neutrophils |
front 48 growth factors | back 48 IL-7 and erythropoietin |
front 49 IL-7 | back 49 comes from bone marrow cells, epithelial cells target stem cells |
front 50 erythropoietin | back 50 comes from endothelial cells target stem cells |
front 51 skin | back 51 few pathogens can penetrate this unbroken layer separates our inner bodies from microbial assaults of the environment outer layers of skin are constantly sloughing off, taking associated microbes with them |
front 52 stratum corneum | back 52 epithelial cells compacted, cemented together, and impregnated with keratin thick, tough layer that is highly impervious and waterproof |
front 53 other barriers associated with the skin | back 53 hair follicles and skin glands |
front 54 hair follicles | back 54 hair shaft periodically extruded follicle cells are desquamated |
front 55 skin glands | back 55 flushing effect of sweat glands helps remove microbes |
front 56 mucous membrane | back 56 digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts, and the eye moist and permeable barrier protection without keratinized layer impedes entry and attachment of bacteria |
front 57 respiratory tract | back 57 nasal hair traps larger particles copious flow of mucus and fluids during allergies and colds exerts a flushing action |
front 58 respiratory tree | back 58 ciliated epithelium moves foreign particles entrapped in mucus toward the pharynx for removal |
front 59 genitourinary tract | back 59 protection through the continuous trickle of urine through ureters and bladder emptying that flushes the urethra vaginal secretions provide cleansing of the lower reproductive tract in females |
front 60 resident microbiota | back 60 provides microbial antagonism blocks access of pathogens to epithelial surfaces creates unfavorable environments for pathogens |
front 61 lysozyme | back 61 found in tears and saliva hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in cell walls of bacteria |
front 62 stomach chemical defenses | back 62 hydrochloric acid |
front 63 intestine chemical defenses | back 63 digestive juices and bile |
front 64 general activities of phagocytes | back 64 to survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells to ingest and eliminate these materials to recognize immunogenic information in foreign matter |
front 65 three main types of phagocytes | back 65 neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages |
front 66 neutrophils | back 66 react early in the inflammatory response to bacteria, foreign materials, and damaged tissue common sign of bacterial infection is a high neutrophil count in the blood primary component of pus |
front 67 eosinophils | back 67 attracted to sites of parasitic infection and antigen-antibody reactions play a minor phagocytic role |
front 68 phagocytosis steps | back 68 chemotaxis ingestion phagolysosome formation destruction excretion |
front 69 examples of PAMPs | back 69 peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide, double-stranded RNA found in viruses |
front 70 toll-like receptors | back 70 a type of PRR recognize PAMP set in motion a cascade of events inside the host cell that amplifies and orchestrates a defense response to the pathogen |
front 71 phagosome vacuole is formed when | back 71 the phagocyte internalizes its prey |
front 72 inflammatory response | back 72 common reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues readily identifiable by a classic series of signs and symptoms |
front 73 rubor | back 73 redness; causes by increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues |
front 74 calor | back 74 warmth; heat given from the increased blood flow |
front 75 tumor | back 75 swelling; from increased fluid escaping into the tissues |
front 76 dolor | back 76 pain; caused by the stimulation of nerve endings |
front 77 loss of function | back 77 the fifth sign of inflammation |
front 78 chronic inflammation is | back 78 responsible for some chronic diseases, like cardiovascular disease a feature of many autoimmune diseases associated with many cases of long COVID-19 |
front 79 chief functions of inflammation | back 79 to mobilize and attract immune components to the site of the injury to set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances destroy microbes and block their further invasion |
front 80 edema | back 80 leakage of vascular fluid into tissue local swelling and firmness due to accumulation of exudate into the tissues |
front 81 exudate | back 81 blood-borne components that escape into extracellular space |
front 82 diapedesis | back 82 movement of white blood cells from the bloodstream into the tissues occurs because white blood cells are actively motile and able to change shape receptors on endothelial cells capture WBCs and participate in their transport |
front 83 benefits of edema and chemotaxis | back 83 influx of fluid dilutes toxic substances fibrin clot can trap microbes and prevent further spread neutrophils actively phagocytose and destroy bacteria, dead tissue, and particulate matter |
front 84 long-lived inflammatory reactions | back 84 attract monocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages macrophages clear pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils and damaged tissue B lymphocytes react with foreign molecules and produce antibodies T lymphocytes kill intruders directly tissue is completely repaired or replaced by a scar |
front 85 fever | back 85 an abnormally elevated body temperature nearly universal symptom of infection also associated with certain allergies, cancer, and other organic illnesses |
front 86 low grade fever | back 86 100 to 101 degrees F |
front 87 moderate fever | back 87 102 to 103 degrees F |
front 88 high fever | back 88 104 to 106 degrees F |
front 89 pyrogens | back 89 reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting (cause fever) |
front 90 exogenous pyrogens | back 90 originating outside the body products of infectious agents, such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and fungi endotox |
front 91 endogenous pyrogens | back 91 originating inside the body released by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during the process of phagocytosis interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) |
front 92 treatment of fever | back 92 difficult decision to suppress fever or not slight to moderate fever in otherwise healthy person should be allowed to run its course potential benefits and minimal side effects |
front 93 interferon | back 93 small protein produced naturally by certain WBCs and tissue cells used in therapy against certain viral infections and cancer involved in defenses against viruses and other microbes and in immune regulation and intercommunication |
front 94 three major types interferon | back 94 alpha, beta, gamma |
front 95 alpha interferon | back 95 product of lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages |
front 96 beta interferon | back 96 product of lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and macrophages |
front 97 gamma interferon | back 97 product of T cells |
front 98 complement | back 98 consists of over 50 blood proteins work together to destroy bacteria and certain viruses |
front 99 cascade reaction | back 99 sequential physiological response first substance in a chemical series activates the next substance, which activates the next, and so on until the desired outcome is reached |
front 100 classical complement pathway | back 100 activated by antibodies bound to microbial surfaces |
front 101 lectin pathway | back 101 activated by lectins that bind to sugars on microbial surfaces |
front 102 alternative pathway | back 102 activated directly by repeating molecules on the microbial surface, such as LPS |
front 103 overal stages in the complement cascade | back 103 initiation, amplification/cascade, polymerization, and membrane attack |
front 104 antimicrobial peptides | back 104 short proteins capable of inserting themselves into bacterial membranes between 12 and 50 amino acids part of the innate immune system have an effect on other actions of innate and adaptive immunity |
front 105 host restriction factors | back 105 molecules that can limit the ability of viruses to replicate once they are inside a host cell can bind to certain parts of the virus prevent synthesis of new virus parts, assembly of new virus, and release from host cell |