front 1 support, movement, protection, production, and storage | back 1 5 functions of the bones joints and muscles |
front 2 cortical bone | back 2 dense bone that forms the outer shell |
front 3 trabecular bone | back 3 sponge bone found at the ends of long bones and in vertebrae |
front 4 ostepblasts | back 4 build new bone |
front 5 osteoclasts | back 5 break down bone tissue |
front 6 osteocytes | back 6 mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix |
front 7 bone remodeling | back 7 helps repair micro-damage and adapt to new loads in response to stress and hormonal signals bone reforms |
front 8 PTH calcitonin and vitamin D | back 8 hormones that play key roles in regulating calcium levels and bone turnover |
front 9 osteoporosis | back 9 balance between bone resorption and formation is disrupted leading to fragile bones |
front 10 synarthrosis | back 10 non-synovial immovable joint (growth plate, between distal ends of radius and ulna, root to tooth to mandible) |
front 11 amphiarthrosis | back 11 non-synovial slightly movable joint (vertebrae, symphysis pubis) |
front 12 diarthrosis | back 12 freely movable joint (shoulder, elbow) |
front 13 synovial | back 13 cavity filled with lubricant freely movable |
front 14 uniaxial joints | back 14 includes hinge and pivot joints |
front 15 hinge | back 15 joint- angular movement in 1 axis and 1 plane (elbow finger knee) |
front 16 pivot | back 16 joint- rotary movement, a ring rotates around (radioulnar, 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae) |
front 17 biaxial joints | back 17 includes saddle and condyloid joints |
front 18 saddle | back 18 articulating surface of 1 bone is convex and surface of 2nd bone is concave (thumb) |
front 19 condyloid | back 19 angular motion on 2 planes without axial rotation (wrist between distal radius and carpels) |
front 20 multiaxial joints | back 20 includes ball and socket and gliding joints |
front 21 ball and socket joint | back 21 joint- round end of bone into cuplike cavity (shoulder hip) |
front 22 gliding joint | back 22 joint- sliding motion (vertebrae, tarsal bones of ankle) |
front 23 tendons | back 23 strong connective tissue, outer cover of muscle belly, attaches muscle to bone |
front 24 cartilage | back 24 avascular, dense, connective tissue covers end of opposing bones withstands increased pressure and tension |
front 25 ligaments | back 25 strong fibrous connective tissue, connect bones to each other at joint level and encase capsule, support purposeful joint movement and prevent wrong movement |
front 26 bursa | back 26 enclosed sac filled with viscous fluid located in areas of potential friction act as cushion between surfaces |
front 27 myofibrils | back 27 make up the skeletal muscle fibers |
front 28 sarcomeres | back 28 repeating units of myofibrils that are the functional units of contraction |
front 29 sliding filament theory | back 29 explains how muscles contract |
front 30 myosin heads bind to actin filaments and pull them inward shortening the sarcomere | back 30 muscle contraction |
front 31 ATP | back 31 required for muscle contraction; triggered by calcium ion release |
front 32 calcium ions | back 32 released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
front 33 excitation contraction coupling | back 33 begins with a nerve impulse travels down the motor neuron and results in muscle contraction |
front 34 Type I Slow Twitch | back 34 fatigue-resistant, used for endurance |
front 35 Type II Fast Twitch | back 35 generate more force, used for short bursts of power |
front 36 sarcopenia | back 36 muscle mass and strength decline with age |
front 37 strength testing, reflexes, and electromyography | back 37 three things used to evaluate muscle function |
front 38 joints | back 38 health history stiffness redness swelling pain with motion complaints of pain that coincide with climate change |
front 39 muscles | back 39 health history weakness fatigue aching wasting associated factors related to exercise or sudden movement |
front 40 skeletal | back 40 health history gait change limping numbness tingling crepitus recent fractures |
front 41 how the injury occurred and how the patient self treated | back 41 two important factors during MS health assessment |
front 42 Onset, Location, Duration, Characteristics, Alleviating/Aggravating Factors, Radiation, Timing, Severity | back 42 history of present illness factors |
front 43 illness, trauma, deformity, immunosuppression, DM, PVD, med use (NSAIDS) | back 43 past medical history factors important during MS assessment |
front 44 RA, osteoporosis, Gout, Paget's, Dupuytren's contracture, SLE, Marfan's syndrome, scoliosis | back 44 relevant family medical history for MS assessment |
front 45 ETOH and tobacco use (risk of osteoporosis), work environment, home environment, hobbies/activities | back 45 relevant social history for MS assessment |
front 46 obesity, poor nutrition, low calcium intake, medication history, chronic illness, age, and gender | back 46 7 risk factors for musculoskeletal problems |
front 47 compare side to side, size, contour, swelling, redness, deformities | back 47 MS inspection includes: |
front 48 dislocation subluxation contracture and ankylosis | back 48 four deformities of MS system |
front 49 subluxation | back 49 partial dislocation |
front 50 ankylosis | back 50 fusion of bones across a joint |
front 51 ROM | back 51 palpation part of MS assessment |
front 52 active ROM | back 52 done by patient refusal or inability suggesting significant injury |
front 53 passive ROM | back 53 done by examiner with patient relaxed and supporting injured area |
front 54 isometric | back 54 contracts muscles at injured area without moving bones, noting any visible defects |
front 55 heat, tenderness, swelling, masses | back 55 four signs to look for during palpation of MS system |
front 56 crepitus | back 56 grating seen with arthritis |
front 57 palpable fluid, visible bulging, doughy/boggy, and crepitus | back 57 four abnormalities to observe in MS assessment |
front 58 muscle testing grading | back 58 done with patient flexing and holding against resistance |
front 59 5 full range of motion/full resistance | back 59 patient has full ability to demonstrate full range of motion of the joint with the examiner applying full pull or force in the opposite direciton |
front 60 4 full ROM/ some resistance | back 60 patient has full ability to demonstrate full range of motion of the joint with the examiner applying less opposite pull or force in the opposite direction |
front 61 3 full ROM with gravity | back 61 there is no resistance applied by the examiner but the patient is able to have full ROM against normal gravity |
front 62 2 | back 62 full range of motion gravity removed |
front 63 1 | back 63 slight contraction 10% |
front 64 0 | back 64 no contraction 0% |
front 65 3 or less | back 65 muscle strength grade that indicates disability |
front 66 strain | back 66 injury in the muscle tears or pulls that heals faster |
front 67 sprain | back 67 injury of the ligament that heals slowest |
front 68 joint, ligament bursa | back 68 pain with passive ROM |
front 69 muscle and tendon | back 69 pain with active ROM |
front 70 detection of congenital deformities and enormous changes during infancy | back 70 focus of infant MS assessment |
front 71 upper extremity abnormalities | back 71 abnormalities in older children rare outside of injury |
front 72 lower extremity and spinal | back 72 issues to look for in older child MS assessment |
front 73 grade 1 | back 73 strain with no specific event; pain and stiffness after activity; pain is vague not one specific spot, no pain with rest; nearly full strength |
front 74 grade 2 | back 74 strain pain with several steps, muscle spasm; relatively small area of pain; strength significantly decreased to resisted contraction with pain; definite limp |
front 75 antalgic gait | back 75 gait with definite limp |
front 76 grade 3 | back 76 strain with sudden intense pain (like someone hit me with a rock); point of pain in area of tear in tendon or muscle belly; strength- can't develop tension in muscle unit; gait- can't use muscle to ambulate |
front 77 osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and fibromyalgia | back 77 four common MS issues |
front 78 osteoporosis | back 78 risk factors include being a caucasian or asian woman, small thin frame, positive family history close relatives, early or surgically induced menopause, chronic illnesses, amenorrhea, low life-time calcium intake, anorexia, impaired GI absorption, immobilization or sedentary lifestyle, smoking and alcohol use, low testosterone in men, use of certain medications |
front 79 44 million Americans | back 79 osteoporosis prevalence |
front 80 55% of people 50+ | back 80 percentage and age of osteoporosis prevalence |
front 81 10 million, 8 million, 2 million | back 81 amount of individuals, women, and men estimated to already have osteoporosis |
front 82 44 million | back 82 amount of people estimated to have low bone mass putting them at risk for osteoporosis |
front 83 $19 billion | back 83 estimated national direct care expenditures for osteoporotic fractures |
front 84 fibromyalgia | back 84 chronic pain disorder with debilitating symptoms such as muscle tendon and joint pain as well as fatigue; symptoms overlap with other disease; unknown etiology but linked to anxiety depression stress conditions infections and viruses |
front 85 shoulder | back 85 includes glenohumeral joint, acromion process, clavicle, acromioclavicular joint, greater tubercle, coracoid process; muscles are deltoid, trapezius, biceps, rotator cuff, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, trees minor, subscapularis |
front 86 Hawkins | back 86 subacromial impingement; forward abduct sagittal plane patient's arm at 90 degrees with elbow bent internally; rotate arm internally; pain with internal rotation is positive test |
front 87 Neer test | back 87 impingement bursitis; stabilize the scapula and internally rotate patient's arm and raise straight rotated arm; pain anywhere along upward trajectory is positive test |
front 88 Gerbers liftoff test | back 88 supscapularis muscle/tendon, bursitis; patient standing and clinician behind, external rotate arm placing dorsal of hand to small of back instructing patient to lift the hand off the back while applying resistance against the patient; if patient cannot resist, lift hand, or compensate with elbow or shoulder extension is positive test |
front 89 empty can test | back 89 supraspinatus muscle/tendon assessment; help rule out likelihood of bursitis; patient straight arm elevated 90 degrees in sagittal plane and rotate fully internally pronation of forearm with thumb down as if pouring liquid from a can with clinician applying resistance; pain or weakness with resistance is a positive test |
front 90 painful arc | back 90 subacromial impingement syndrome, bursitis; with straight arm patient abducts arm along coronal plane then adduct back; pain between 60-120 degrees in either direction that remits after 120 degrees or below 60 is positive |
front 91 drop arm test | back 91 full thickness of rotator cuff tear of supraspinatus/infraspinatus; clinician passively abducts patient's straight arm to 90 degrees in coronal plane with full external rotation then releases arm, instructing patient to hold then slowly lower the arm; if patient suddenly drops arm or there is weakness or pain is a positive test |
front 92 Hawkins, Neer, Gerbers liftoff, empty can, painful arc, and drop arm | back 92 six shoulder special tests |
front 93 clavicle | back 93 at risk for fracture in infants; found in 2.9% of term infants often on the right side; often silent and noticed after a few weeks by palpable callous |
front 94 elbow | back 94 includes medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, flexors, and extensors |
front 95 valgus and varus stress test and book test | back 95 two special tests for elbow |
front 96 bursitis | back 96 known as big red elbow |
front 97 epicondylitis | back 97 muscle mass inflamed as it attaches to the bone |
front 98 golfer's elbow | back 98 epicondylitis on medial elbow |
front 99 tennis elbow | back 99 epicondylitis on lateral elbow |
front 100 book/polk test lateral | back 100 patient grasps item with palm facing floor with arm pronated and attempt to lift; pain is positive test |
front 101 book/polk test medial | back 101 patient grasps item with palm facing up with arm supinated and attempts to lift (bicep curl); pain is a positive test |
front 102 nursemaids elbow | back 102 found in toddlers; subluxation of radial head d/t tugging injury |
front 103 hand | back 103 includes radiocarpel joint, carpals, metacarpophalangeal joint, phalanges, interphalanges (proximal and distal) |
front 104 neuromuscular assessment of hand | back 104 Sensation intact to light touch and two-point discrimination in median, ulnar, and radial nerve distributions. Capillary refill <2 seconds; radial and ulnar pulses palpable. |
front 105 Phalens and tinels tests | back 105 special tests of hand |
front 106 ulnar deviation | back 106 fingers outward |
front 107 ankylosis | back 107 wrist extreme flexion |
front 108 dupuytrens contracture | back 108 contractures of fingers contracting inward towards the thumbs; usually appears at 40-60 years; occurs more often and more severe in males or Northern European origin; associated with alcohol and epilepsy medications, diabetes; autosomal dominant in some cases; most often in ring and little fingers; bilateral 45% |
front 109 swan neck and Boutonnière | back 109 deformities seen with RA |
front 110 ganglion of wrist | back 110 no data |
front 111 Heberden's and Bouchard's | back 111 DIP and PIP seen with OA |
front 112 carpal tunnel syndrome | back 112 presents with numbness tingling weakness sleepless nights and pain up and down arm; caused by repetitive use, endocrine (DM), pregnancy, thyroid, anoxia; diagnosed with tingles and phalanx positive tests |
front 113 phalens | back 113 test most specific for carpal tunnel syndrome |
front 114 polydactyly | back 114 extra fingers |
front 115 syndactyly | back 115 webbed fingers |
front 116 hip/spine | back 116 includes paraspinals, quadrates lumborum, psoas, gluteals, piriformis, hamstrings |