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12 BMD 430 lecture 12

front 1 1. What is the correct order of the four steps in leukocyte trafficking? A. Rolling → Diapedesis → Activation → Adhesion B. Rolling → Activation → Adhesion → Diapedesis C. Adhesion → Activation → Rolling → Diapedesis D. Activation → Rolling → Diapedesis → Adhesion	back 1 B. Rolling → Activation → Adhesion → Diapedesis
front 2 2. Leukocyte egress occurs primarily in which part of the circulatory system? A. Arteries B. Capillaries C. Venules D. Lymphatic ducts	back 2 C. Venules
front 3 3. What structural characteristic makes venules ideal for leukocyte egress? A. High blood pressure B. Thick muscular walls C. Thin endothelial lining D. Elastic connective tissue	back 3 C. Thin endothelial lining
front 4 4. What are High Endothelial Venules (HEVs)? A. Venules found only in bone marrow B. Thick tall endothelial cells in lymphoid tissue C. Flattened endothelial cells in arteries D. Specialized macrophages	back 4 B. Thickt all endothelial cells in lymphoid tissue

front 5 5. Which molecule is primarily involved in the rolling step of leukocyte trafficking? A. Integrins B. Selectins C. ICAMs D. Cytokines	back 5 B. Selectins
front 6 6. Which molecule acts as a major ligand for selectins? A. ICAM-1 B. Sialyl Lewis X (SLex) C. Integrin β2 D. CCL19	back 6 B. Sialyl Lewis X (SLex)
front 7 7. Which of the following is not a characteristic of chemokines? A. They regulate immune cell trafficking B. They act as chemoattractants C. They bind to ICAMs directly D. They influence adhesion and activation	back 7 C. They bind to ICAMs directly
front 8 8. Inside-out signaling primarily affects which molecule type? A. Selectins B. Integrins C. Chemokines D. ICAMs	back 8 B. Integrins

front 9 9. ICAMs belong to which molecular family? A. Chemokines B. Integrins C. Immunoglobulin superfamily D. Selectins	back 9 C. Immunoglobulin superfamily
front 10 10. Which cells are considered sentinel cells? A. Naive B cells B. Dendritic cells and macrophages C. Neutrophils and eosinophils D. Endothelial cells only	back 10 B. Dendritic cells and macrophages
front 11 11. Selectins	back 11 Mediate rolling through sugar-binding lectin domains
front 12 2. Chemokines	back 12 Direct migration via chemical gradients

front 13 13. Integrins	back 13 Bind to ICAMs; mediate adhesion
front 14 14. ICAMs	back 14 Ligands for integrins, aid in firm adhesion
front 15 15. Describe the four main steps of leukocyte trafficking and the primary molecule(s) involved in each.	back 15 Rolling: Selectins bind mucin-like ligands (Sialyl Lewis X). Activation: Chemokines bind receptors → inside-out signaling. Adhesion: Integrins bind ICAMs for firm adhesion. Diapedesis: Leukocyte crosses the endothelium into tissue.
front 16 16. Explain how chemokines and their receptors guide lymphocyte migration into lymph nodes.	back 16 Chemokines (CCL19, CCL21) attract lymphocytes expressing CCR7 to lymph node paracortex through HEVs.

front 17 17. Compare leukocyte migration at infection sites (myeloid cells) vs. lymphocyte migration in lymphoid tissues.	back 17 Myeloid cells: Move to infection sites via chemotaxis; stay to fight infection. Lymphocytes: Travel to lymphoid tissues, get activated, then exit via lymphatics.
front 18 18. What is the function of the Fibroblastic Reticular Cell (FRC) network?	back 18 Provides structural “roadways” that guide T cells and dendritic cells to meet efficiently in lymph nodes.
front 19 19. Define “inside-out signaling” and explain how chemokines initiate it.	back 19 Chemokines bind leukocyte receptors → trigger intracellular changes → integrins shift to high-affinity state → firm adhesion to endothelium.
front 20 20. What are S1PR1 and S1P, and how do they regulate lymphocyte egress from lymph nodes?	back 20 S1PR1: Receptor on lymphocytes allowing exit from lymph nodes. S1P: Lipid chemokine that binds S1PR1 and guides lymphocyte egress.

front 21 21. Explain the difference between homotypic binding and heterotypic binding in ICAMs.	back 21 Homotypic: ICAMs bind to other ICAMs (self-binding). Heterotypic: ICAMs bind to different molecules (e.g., integrins).
front 22 22. What is the role of sentinel cells in the immune response?	back 22 Macrophages, dendritic cells, and tissue cells that release cytokines/chemokines upon detecting pathogens → activate leukocyte recruitment.
front 23 23. How does the expression of CCR7 and chemokines CCL19/CCL21 direct T-cell and dendritic cell movement?	back 23 DCs and T cells expressing CCR7 migrate toward CCL19/CCL21 in the paracortex, bringing them together for antigen recognition.
front 24 24. Explain the importance of venule structure in diapedesis.	back 24 Thin endothelial walls and slow blood flow allow leukocytes to squeeze through endothelial gaps efficiently.