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8 BMD 430 lecture 8

front 1 Which of the following is not a function of the innate immune system? A. Physical and chemical barriers B. Cellular response to infection C. Activation of adaptive immunity D. Production of antibodies	back 1 D. Production of antibodies
front 2 Why is the MHC necessary for immune function? A. It produces cytokines B. It activates T cells by presenting antigens C. It allows B cells to recognize soluble antigens D. It inhibits adaptive immunity	back 2 B. It activates T cells by presenting antigens
front 3 Which statement correctly compares BCR and TCR? A. Both require MHC to recognize antigen B. BCRs recognize only MHC-bound antigens C. TCRs recognize only MHC-bound antigens D. TCRs can recognize soluble antigens	back 3 C. TCRs recognize only MHC-bound antigens
front 4 What does self-MHC restriction mean? A. T cells ignore all self-antigens B. T cells recognize only foreign antigens on self-MHC molecules C. B cells can recognize any antigen D. MHC molecules are only found on red blood cells	back 4 B. T cells recognize only foreign antigens on self-MHC molecules

front 5 MHC Class I molecules present antigens to which type of T cell? A. CD4+ Helper T cells B. CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells C. Regulatory T cells D. NK cells	back 5 B. CD8+ Cytotoxic T cells
front 6 MHC Class II molecules are expressed primarily on: A. All nucleated cells B. Red blood cells C. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) D. Muscle cells	back 6 C. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
front 7 Which of the following correctly lists the components of MHC Class I? A. Alpha (α) chain and Beta chain B. Alpha chain and β2 microglobulin C. Two alpha chains D. Two beta chains	back 7 B. Alpha chain and β2 microglobulin
front 8 The binding groove of the MHC molecule is important because it: A. Degrades the antigen B. Holds and presents the peptide antigen to T cells C. Produces cytokines D. Activates B cells directly	back 8 B. Holds and presents the peptide antigen to T cells

front 9 Which of the following accurately describes MHC inheritance? A. Only paternal alleles are expressed B. Only maternal alleles are expressed C. Co-dominant expression of both maternal and paternal alleles D. Recessive inheritance of one allele	back 9 C. Co-dominant expression of both maternal and paternal alleles
front 10 What is the heterozygote advantage in MHC genetics? A. Having two identical alleles increases immune diversity B. Having two different alleles allows presentation of a wider variety of peptides C. It decreases peptide diversity D. It prevents MHC promiscuity	back 10 B. Having two different alleles allows presentation of a wider variety of peptides
front 11 The three main functions of the innate immune system are ________, ________, and ________.	back 11 Physical and chemical barriers, cellular response to infection, activation of the adaptive immune system
front 12 MHC Class I molecules are found on ________ cells and present antigen to ________ T cells.	back 12 Nucleated cells; CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

front 13 MHC Class II molecules are found on ________ cells and present antigen to ________ T cells.	back 13 Antigen-presenting cells (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells); CD4+ helper T cells
front 14 The central dogma of biology is ________ → ________ → ________	back 14 DNA → RNA → Protein
front 15 The term for multiple versions of a gene is ________, and the resulting protein variants are called ________	back 15 Allele; Allotype
front 16 The human MHC complex is called ________, and is organized into Classes I, II, and III.	back 16 HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen)

front 17 Class I MHC genes include HLA- , HLA-, and HLA-_____	back 17 A, B, C
front 18 Class II MHC genes include HLA- , HLA-, and HLA-_____.	back 18 DP, DQ, DR
front 19 A set of alleles usually inherited together is called a _______.	back 19 Haplotype
front 20 The ability of one MHC molecule to bind multiple peptide antigens is called ________.	back 20 Promiscuity

front 21 Explain how MHC Class I and II molecules differ in structure and function.	back 21 MHC I: 1 α chain + β2-microglobulin; all nucleated cells; presents to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. MHC II: α + β chains; on APCs (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells); presents to CD4+ helper T cells.
front 22 Describe the process of antigen presentation from pathogen entry to T-cell activation.	back 22 Antigen is broken into peptides → loaded onto MHC → MHC–peptide complex displayed on cell surface → recognized by TCR.
front 23 Explain the relationship between MHC diversity, promiscuity, and heterozygote advantage.	back 23 Diversity: many MHC variants in a population. Promiscuity: one MHC can bind many peptides. Heterozygote advantage: more alleles = more peptides recognized.
front 24 Why is it important that MHC genes are co-dominantly expressed?	back 24 Co-dominance allows both parental alleles to be expressed → broader antigen presentation → stronger immune defense.

front 25 What are MHC anchor residues, and why are they more important for Class I molecules?	back 25 Anchor residues = peptide amino acids that bind to specific MHC pockets; key for MHC I peptide binding; ensure stable antigen presentation.
front 26 A researcher discovers that a group of mice are genetically identical except for one MHC gene. What term describes these mice? Explain how this helps in immunological experiments.	back 26 Congenic mice: genetically identical except for one locus; used to study immune responses to specific genes (like MHC).
front 27 A patient’s cytotoxic T cells fail to recognize virus-infected cells, but helper T cells function normally. Propose a likely defect and explain your reasoning.	back 27 Likely defect in MHC Class I expression → CD8+ T cells not activated; CD4+ T cells unaffected (MHC II still normal).
front 28 If a population has very little MHC polymorphism, what would be the likely consequence for disease resistance?	back 28 Reduced MHC polymorphism → weaker immune defense → higher infection rates and less pathogen recognition diversity.