front 1 A foreign substance to the body that triggers an immune response- | back 1 Antigen |
front 2 Which of the following are characteristics of innate immunity? | back 2 Inflammation, Fast Response, Cytokine production |
front 3 T cells of the immune system include- | back 3 helper T cells (CD4+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) |
front 4 Another term for white blood cells is? | back 4 Leukocytes |
front 5 Leukocytes migrate to a site of infection in response to- | back 5 Chemokines |
front 6 The first line of defense against microorganisms that infect the body is referred to as _____. | back 6 Innate Immunity |
front 7 What are examples of a physical immune response? | back 7 skin, mucus |
front 8 Innate immunity is ___________ and activated within hours of exposure to a pathogen. While adaptive immunity is ____________ and responds several days after initial exposure, | back 8 non-specific, specific |
front 9 Which antibody is involved in allergies and parasitic infections? | back 9 IgE |
front 10 Which antibody is expressed in mucosal tissues and forms dimers after secretion? | back 10 IgA |
front 11 Which antibody is produced by B-cells as the first line of defense against antigen invasion? | back 11 IgM |
front 12 Which antibody is the most common and is important for the secondary immune response? | back 12 IgG |
front 13 The function of IgG1 is to - | back 13 neutralizes viruses, activates complement, and promotes antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. |
front 14 IgG2 is mainly effective against- | back 14 bacterial infections |
front 15 IgG3 fights ________ infectstion and activates complement. | back 15 viral |
front 16 IgG4 is associated with - | back 16 allergic reactions |
front 17 The Th1 effector cell is responsible for - | back 17 anti-viral and anti microbial immunity |
front 18 What effector cell has this function? "clearance of extracellular pathogens (fungi, bacteria)" | back 18 Th17 |
front 19 Which effector cell has immunity against extracellular parasites, allergens, and toxins? | back 19 Th2 |
front 20 What is the function of the effector cell pTreg? | back 20 tolerance against enviornmental antigens and microbiota. |
front 21 What is the function of the effector cell eTreg? | back 21 tolerance against self-antigens (autoimmunity). |
front 22 TLR cytokines | back 22 IL, TNF, IFN, TGF |
front 23 What is an IL (interleukin) cytokine? | back 23 acts as a signaling protein to regulate the immune system |
front 24 TNF is a- | back 24 A pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by immune cells. Important for regulating immune response and inflammation. |
front 25 IFN (interferon) cytokine does- | back 25 signals molecules to modulate immune response, more specifically against viral infections. |
front 26 What cytokine regulates cell growth, differentiation, and plays an important role in immunity, development, and disease? | back 26 TGF |
front 27 Antigenic variation allows pathogens to - | back 27 escape from immunity |
front 28 Some viruses persist ____________ by ceasinfg to replicate until immunity wanes | back 28 in vivo |
front 29 What can contribute to persistent disease? | back 29 Immunosuppression or inappropriate immune response. |
front 30 What is the result of T-cell defects? | back 30 low antibody levels |
front 31 Defective humoral immune function is caused by defects in _____________ ______________. | back 31 complement components |
front 32 Defects in phagocytic cells permit - | back 32 widespread, chronic bacterial infections |
front 33 HIV is a retrovirus that infects what cells? | back 33 CD4 T-cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. |
front 34 HIV RNA is transcribed by- | back 34 reverse transcriptase. |
front 35 Why are the low levels of CD4 T cells caused by HIV dangerous? | back 35 It can cause increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection, which can lead to death. |
front 36 A type I reaction is- | back 36 IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity. |
front 37 What occurs in a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction? | back 37 An immediate allergic reaction in response to an allergen. Antibodies trigger mast cells to release histamine and other mediators. |
front 38 A type II reaction is- | back 38 IgG-Mediated Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity. |
front 39 A type III reaction is- | back 39 Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity. |
front 40 A type IV reaction is- | back 40 Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity. |
front 41 What occurs in a Type II Hypersensitivity? | back 41 antibodies (IgG or IgM) bind to cells/tissues, causing damage through complement activation or other immune responses. (autoimmune) |
front 42 What occurs in a Type III Hypersensitivity? | back 42 Deposition of soluble immune complexes (antigen-antibody aggregates) in tissues. Inflammation and tissue damage occur by attracting neutrophils and activating complement. |
front 43 What occurs in a Type IV hypersensitivity? | back 43 T-cell-mediated immune response that occurs 48-72 hours after exposure. Contact dermatitis, drug reactions, and transplant rejection can be caused. T-cells recognize an antigen, destroy healthy cells, and trigger inflammation via cytokines. |
front 44 Phagocytes- | back 44 A general term describing white blood cells that engulf and digest foreign pathogens in a process called phagocytosis. Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes. |
front 45 Granulocytes- | back 45 The general term describing white blood cells that are granulated (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils). |
front 46 Macrophages- | back 46 Macrophages are found in the body tissues. They are large phagocytic cells that become powerful stimulators of an immune response when they engulf a pathogen. |
front 47 Monocytes- | back 47 They become macrophages. |
front 48 Neutrophils- | back 48 kills, communicates, and causes inflammation. |
front 49 What does complement do? | back 49 mark and cripple enemies, activate and guide immune cells. |
front 50 Dendritic cells- | back 50 Identify enemies and activate other cells. |
front 51 Eosinophils and Basophils both- | back 51 cause inflammation, battle parasites, and activate other cells. |
front 52 (True or False) A virgin killer T cell is in a standby mode and can become a killer T cell. | back 52 True |
front 53 Killer T cells attack what kind of cells? | back 53 infected/cancer cells |
front 54 A ________ T cell communicates and activates other cells. | back 54 helper |
front 55 A B cell produces __________ | back 55 antibodies |
front 56 The function of antibodies is to- | back 56 mark and disable enemies, and to activate complement. |