front 1 Acetylcholine (ACh) | back 1 *Enables muscle action, learning, and memory; Blocked ACh → weakness, paralysis.** |
front 2 Dopamine | back 2 *Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion; Oversupply → schizophrenia; Undersupply → tremors, Parkinson’s.** |
front 3 Serotonin | back 3 *Affects mood, hunger, sleep, arousal; Undersupply → depression.** |
front 4 Norepinephrine | back 4 *Helps control alertness and arousal; Undersupply → depressed mood.** |
front 5 GABA | back 5 *Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; Undersupply → seizures, tremors, insomnia.** |
front 6 Glutamate | back 6 *Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory; Oversupply → migraines, seizures.** |
front 7 Endorphins | back 7 *Natural painkillers; influence perception of pain/pleasure; Oversupply with opioids → body reduces own production.** |
front 8 Substance P | back 8 *Involved in pain perception and immune response; Oversupply → chronic pain.** |
front 9 Alcohol | back 9 *Depressant; initial high then relaxation/disinhibition; Negatives: depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions.** |
front 10 Heroin | back 10 *Depressant; rush of euphoria, pain relief; Negatives: depressed physiology, loss of natural endorphins.** |
front 11 Caffeine | back 11 *Stimulant; increased alertness/wakefulness; Negatives: anxiety, restlessness, insomnia.** |
front 12 Nicotine | back 12 *Stimulant; arousal and relaxation; Negatives: heart disease, cancer.** |
front 13 Cocaine | back 13 *Stimulant; rush of euphoria, confidence, energy; Negatives: cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depression, crash.** |
front 14 Methamphetamine | back 14 *Stimulant; euphoria, alertness, energy; Negatives: irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures.** |
front 15 Ecstasy (MDMA) | back 15 *Stimulant + mild hallucinogen; emotional elevation, disinhibition; Negatives: dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognition/immune function.** |
front 16 LSD | back 16 *Hallucinogen; visual “trip”; Negatives: risk of panic.** |
front 17 Marijuana (THC) | back 17 *Mild hallucinogen; enhanced sensation, pain relief, time distortion, relaxation; Negatives: impaired learning/memory, increased risk of psychological disorders.** |
front 18 EEG | back 18 *Electrodes on scalp measure brain waves; Finding: Depression/anxiety → ↑ right frontal lobe activity.** |
front 19 MEG | back 19 *Head coil records magnetic fields from brain; Finding: PTSD soldiers → stronger visual cortex activity when viewing trauma images.** |
front 20 CT | back 20 *X-rays of head show brain damage; Finding: Children’s injuries predict lower intelligence/memory.** |
front 21 PET | back 21 *Tracks radioactive glucose in brain during tasks; Finding: Anxious monkeys → more glucose use in fear/memory regions.** |
front 22 MRI | back 22 *Maps brain structure with magnetic fields/radio waves; Finding: History of violence → smaller frontal lobes (self-control/moral judgment).** |
front 23 fMRI | back 23 *Measures blood flow via MRI scans; Finding: Plane crash survivors → more fear/memory/visual center activity when viewing trauma footage.** |
front 24 Insomnia | back 24 *1 in 5 adults; difficulty falling/staying asleep; Effects: tiredness, depression, obesity, hypertension, pain.** |
front 25 Narcolepsy | back 25 *1 in 2000 adults; sudden overwhelming sleepiness; Effects: risk of falling asleep at dangerous times, attacks <5 min.** |
front 26 Sleep Apnea | back 26 *1 in 20 adults; stopping breathing during sleep; Effects: fatigue, depression, linked to obesity (esp. men).** |
front 27 Sleepwalking | back 27 *1–15 in 100 adults; complex motor behavior in Stage 3 sleep; Effects: few concerns, rarely remember episode.** |
front 28 REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | back 28 *1 in 100 adults (general), 1 in 50 (50+); acting out dreams; Effects: risk of accidental injury to self/partner.** |
front 29 Information Processing | back 29 *Dreams help sort events and consolidate memories; Critique: sometimes dream about things not experienced.** |
front 30 Physiological Function | back 30 *REM stimulation helps develop/preserve neural pathways; Critique: doesn’t explain meaningful dreams.** |
front 31 Activation Synthesis | back 31 *REM activity evokes random visuals, brain weaves stories; Critique: brain creates stories but reveals info about dreamer.** |
front 32 Cognitive Development | back 32 *Dream content reflects cognitive level; simulates life/worst-case scenarios; Critique: no adaptive function proposed.** |
front 33 Vision | back 33 *Source:** Light waves; **Receptors:** Rods/cones; **Brain Area:** Occipital lobes |
front 34 Hearing | back 34 *Source:** Sound waves; **Receptors:** Cochlear hair cells; **Brain Area:** Temporal lobes |
front 35 Touch | back 35 *Source:** Pressure, warmth, cold, chemicals; **Receptors:** Pain-sensitive skin receptors; **Brain Area:** Somatosensory cortex |
front 36 Taste | back 36 *Source:** Chemical molecules; **Receptors:** Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, oleogustus; **Brain Area:** Frontal/temporal border |
front 37 Smell | back 37 *Source:** Chemical molecules in nose; **Receptors:** Nasal receptors; **Brain Area:** Olfactory bulb |
front 38 Kinesthesis | back 38 *Source:** Body part movement; **Receptors:** Proprioceptors in joints/tendons/muscles; **Brain Area:** Cerebellum |
front 39 Vestibular Sense | back 39 *Source:** Head/body movement; **Receptors:** Hair-like receptors in inner ear; **Brain Area:** Cerebellum |
front 40 Figure 1.5-4 | back 40 *Electrodes measure EEG (brain waves), EMG (muscle tension), EOG (eye movement); other devices track heart rate, respiration, genital arousal.** |
front 41 Figure 1.5-5 | back 41 *Beta waves = awake; Alpha = relaxed; Delta = Stage 3/N3; REM = resembles Stage 1 but body internally aroused.** |
front 42 Figure 1.5-6 | back 42 *Moment of falling asleep (Stage 1/N1); we are unaware, EEG shows slowed, irregular waves.** |
front 43 Figure 1.5-7 | back 43 *Sleep cycle repeats ~90 min; Stage 3 shortens over night; Stage 2 & REM get longer; older adults → more awakenings.** |
front 44 AP Exam Tip | back 44 *REM does NOT come directly after Stage 3; usually Stage 2 → REM.** |