front 1 Acetylcholine (ACh) function | back 1 enables muscle action, learning, and memory. malfunction: with Alzheimer’s disease, ACh-producing neurons deteriorate. |
front 2 Dopamine function | back 2 influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. malfunction: oversupply linked to schizophrenia; undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease. |
front 3 Serotonin function | back 3 affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. malfunction: undersupply linked to depression; some drugs that raise serotonin levels are used to treat depression. |
front 4 Norepinephrine function | back 4 helps control alertness and arousal. malfunction: undersupply can depress mood. |
front 5 GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) function | back 5 a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. malfunction: undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia. |
front 6 Glutamate function | back 6 a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. malfunction: oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures. |
front 7 Endorphins function | back 7 neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure. malfunction: oversupply with opioid drugs can suppress the body’s natural endorphin supply. |
front 8 Substance P function | back 8 involved in pain perception and immune response. malfunction: oversupply can lead to chronic pain. |