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21 notecards = 6 pages (4 cards per page)

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AP STAT CHAP 4 VOCAB

front 1

Observational study

back 1

observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses.

front 2

Experiment

back 2

deliberately imposes treatments (conditions) on individuals to measure their responses

front 3

Response variable

back 3

Measures an outcome of a study

front 4

explanatory variable

back 4

may help explain or predict changes in a response variable

front 5

confounding

back 5

occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.

front 6

treatment

back 6

a specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment

front 7

placebo

back 7

a treatment that has no active ingredient, but is otherwise like other treatments

front 8

experimental unit

back 8

the object to which the treatment is randomly assigned

front 9

Subject

back 9

experimental units that are human beings.

front 10

factor

back 10

an explanatory variable that is manipulated and may cause a change in the response variable

front 11

levels

back 11

different values of a factor

front 12

control group

back 12

used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments in an experiment

front 13

placebo effect

back 13

describes the fact that some subjects in an experiment will respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive treatment.

front 14

random assignment

back 14

Experimental units are assigned to treatments using a chance process.

front 15

control

back 15

keeping other variables constant for all experimental units

front 16

replication

back 16

giving each treatment to enough experimental units so that a difference in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance variation due to random assignment

front 17

Completely randomized design

back 17

the experimental units are assigned to the treatments completely at random

front 18

Double blind

back 18

neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject is recieving

front 19

Single blind

back 19

either the subjects or the people who interact with them and measure the response variable don't know which treatment a subject is receiving

front 20

Block

back 20

a group of experimental units that are known BEFORE the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments

front 21

Randomized block design

back 21

the random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block