front 1 Who is Claude Bernard and what were his contributions to his field? | back 1 He was a doctor of physiology and stated that the endocrine system regulated the internal workings of the animal primarily working on the function of the pancreas. |
front 2 What are the principal characteristics of the endocrine system? | back 2
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front 3 List the endocrine glands | back 3 hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, and pancreas
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front 4 The functions of the hypothalamus | back 4 links the nervous and endocrine systems and controls the pituitary gland |
front 5 The functions of the pituitary gland | back 5 controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth, blood pressure, and water balance |
front 6 The functions of the thyroid gland | back 6 control the release of energy from food molecules inside cells |
front 7 The functions of the parathyroid glands | back 7 they regulate the amount of calcium in the blood |
front 8 The functions of the adrenal glands | back 8 They release several hormones like adrenaline which triggers the body to respond in emergency situations as well as hormones that affect salt, water balance in kidneys and blood sugar. |
front 9 The functions of the thymus glands | back 9 help the immune system to develop during childhood |
front 10 The functions of the pancreas | back 10 produces insulin and glucagon, which helps to control glucose levels in the blood |
front 11 The functions of ovaries and testes | back 11 Ovaries release sex hormones, involved with changes in female body (estrogen) and triggering egg development (estrogen and progestrone) Testes releases testosterone, which controls changes in male body and regulating sperm production |
front 12 What are hormones? | back 12 they are chemical substances which our body creates to act as messengers to coordinate bodily functions. Most are proteins that consist of amino acid chains |
front 13 What functions to hormones control and how do they travel? | back 13
Hormones travel via the bloodstream to target cells which will have a receptor for that specific hormone. |
front 14 Endocrine regulation | back 14 the control of physiological processes via hormones released into the bloodstream |
front 15 How does a cell become a target for a specific hormone? | back 15 By having a specific receptor for that hormone |
front 16 Major hormones and systems (Top-Down organization of endocrine system) | back 16 The hypothalamus produces releasing factors that stimulate the production of hormones in the anterior pituitary gland which will act on a peripheral endocrine gland that will release another hormone. Cell bodies in the hypothalamus synthesize the posterior pituitary gland hormones which will be released via synapses. |
front 17 What two general classes of hormones are there? | back 17 Water-soluble and lipid-soluble |
front 18 The differences between water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones | back 18 Water-soluble hormones are made in endocrine cells and are packaged into secretory granules. They can travel to target w/o being bound to blood proteins with a receptor on the cell surface of target. Lipid-soluble hormones also made in endocrine cells but not packaged. They passively diffuse out of cell and become complexed w/ blood protein (globulins). Their receptor resides in the nucleus or on cytoplasm of target. |
front 19 What are the four chemical classes of hormones, their solubility and receptor? | back 19 Amine (epinephrine), water-soluble, receptor on cell surface Amine (thyroid hormone). lipid-soluble, intracellular receptor Peptide/protein, water-soluble, cell surface receptor Steroids, lipid-soluble, intracellular receptor |
front 20 How does hormone chemistry affect function? | back 20 It determines solubility, receptor type and transport in the blood. |
front 21 What are prohormones vs. prehormones? | back 21 Prohormones are an inactive precursor modified into an active hormone, while Prehormones are converted to active form in target cells. |
front 22 What are the differences between synergistic, permissive, and antagonistic hormone effects? | back 22 Synergistic: combined effect is greater than individual Permissive: one hormone allows another to act fully Antagonistic: hormones oppose each other |
front 23 What is priming? | back 23 Increased sensitivity of a target cell after repeated hormone exposure |
front 24 What is desensitization/downregulation? | back 24 Loss of responsiveness due to prolonged high hormone levels |
front 25 Which hormones use nuclear receptors? | back 25 steroid and thyroid hormones |
front 26 How do nuclear receptors change cell function? | back 26 They bind DNA and regulate gene transcription through dimerization, co-activators/ co-repressors. |
front 27 Which hormones use secondary messenger receptors? | back 27 peptide and catecholamine hormones or hydrophilic hormones |
front 28 What is the second messenger system? | back 28 The first messenger will bind to the receptor on the cell membrane which will activate an intracellular protein which will make a second messenger and so on until it reaches the target and creates a cellular response. This often occurs by the sequential activation of protein kinases |
front 29 The second messenger systems include: | back 29
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front 30 How are half receptors and dimers related? | back 30 Some receptors exist as inactive half receptors that when ligand binds come to together to form a dimer. This process is known as dimerization. |
front 31 What is a tyrosine kinase receptor and an example? | back 31 a receptor w/ intrinsic kinase activity for example an insulin receptor |
front 32 What glands are in the HP axis and where are they located? | back 32
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front 33 What hormones does anterior pituitary gland release and their functions? | back 33
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front 34 What are trophic hormones? | back 34 They are hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to grow and release their own hormones |
front 35 What hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are released as well as function and where are they synthesized? | back 35
They are synthesized in the hypothalamus |
front 36 What is the main releasing controller of pituitary secretions? | back 36 The hypothalamus which acts as the control center |
front 37 What is neuroendocrine reflex? | back 37 a reflex where a nervous system stimulus triggers the release of hormones from hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary. |
front 38 What does 'master gland' refer to? | back 38 the anterior pituitary gland controlling multiple endocrine glands |
front 39 What hormones does the hypothalamus produce? | back 39
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