front 1 health | back 1 state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being not merely absence of disease or infirmity |
front 2 public health | back 2 -disease prevention -promoting physical health and efficiency -prolonging life via organized community efforts - developing social machinery to ensure standard of living adequate for maintenance of health |
front 3 key aspects of public health | back 3
|
front 4 public health (in terms of differentiating it from clinical medicine) | back 4 - disease prevention, health promotion - concerned with large populations (ie. public health system of the US) - not narrow and directed; training of professionals is variable |
front 5 clinical medicine | back 5 - focus is on individual people (obligated to the individual rather than a population) & their diagnosis, treatment, and care - training is standardized |
front 6 global health | back 6 - health problems, issues, concerns that transcend national boundaries best addressed by cooperative action - prevention and (ongoing) clinical care to solve these concerns - focus on health needs of the impoverished |
front 7 population-level screening for an infection or chronic disease is an example of a public health initiative | back 7 true |
front 8 focus in field of public health | back 8 population-level health |
front 9 focus in field of clinical medicine | back 9 individual health |
front 10 focus for global health | back 10 health-related challenges that require international cooperation - emphasis on needs of people experiencing poverty |
front 11 clinical care is mainly outside the realm of global health | back 11 false |
front 12 global health challenges | back 12 - lack of POC in leadership positions - lack of women / gender diversity in leadership positions - people in LMICs have insufficient control over global health agenda |
front 13 why does textbook author prefer "impoverished countries" terminology? | back 13 demonstrates how these countries are poor as a product of their colonial legacy / exploitation rather than as a result of lack of hard work / merit |
front 14 limitation of "impoverished countries" terminology | back 14 provides a single story - what defines these areas is that they live in poverty and are victims |
front 15 LMIC terminology | back 15 low and middle income countries - general term that indicates the socioeconomic status of the countries that global health is interested in uplifting (*not comprehensive*) |
front 16 treaties versus declarations | back 16 treaties require countries to put the substance of the treaty into law within the country declarations do not |
front 17 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was set forth in 1948 and is extremely well known, in part because it is legally-binding on all countries that have signed | back 17 false |
front 18 The United States ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) after international pressure to do so | back 18 false |
front 19 Around the world, the Convention on the Rights of the Child was ratified very quickly; currently, every nation except the United States has ratified this treaty | back 19 true |
front 20 Declaration of Alma Ata | back 20 - recognized the need to address factors such as food, water, and trained attendants for childbirth - emphasis on access to primary care - advocated for international financing *health as a human right* |
front 21 Primary healthcare | back 21 essential healthcare that is evidence-based, accepted by the people it serves, and universally available to individuals and families in a given community |
front 22 Right after the Declaration of Alma Ata, the concept of “sustainability” essentially forced the ideals of Alma Ata to be put on hold, and many LMICs were constrained to spending only about $5 per person per year on healthcare | back 22 true |
front 23 Bamako Initiative | back 23 promoted the idea of user fees to generate the money needed to restock drugs in pharmacies and to pay healthcare workers - drugs sold were marked up, profits used to restock drugs and pay health workers |
front 24 The Bamako Initiative was relatively successful in many LMICs and has helped governments improve their healthcare financing and coverage | back 24 false |
front 25 transatlantic slave trade | back 25 - took place for more than 400 years - spanned three continents - continues to have a major negative impact today on the health and well-being of many people in LMICs |
front 26 resource extraction from formerly colonized countries continues to this day and plays a substantial causal role in the inability of many countries to fully offer universal healthcare | back 26 true |
front 27 neoliberal economic theory | back 27 economies should be controlled exclusively by capitalist forces and the laws of supply and demand |
front 28 ethical challenges in global health | back 28 - lack of POC/women/gender diversity in leadership - LMICs have lack of control over global health agenda - need for reparations / rectification of past injustices - brain drain - one-sided collaborations / current academic publishing system |
front 29 focuses of our global health textbook | back 29 - activism around health as a human right - infectious disease prevention= insufficient (ongoing care) - prevention, treatment, and care - actions in solidarity with people in impoverished countries - understanding of the roots of inequities |
front 30 public health versus global health (Mukherjee) | back 30 90% vaccination rate = huge PH success global health -- who are those 10% who are not vaccinated and why? |
front 31 how did AIDS epidemic reshape global health | back 31 focus was initially on prevention of disease - now, has shifted toward combination of prevention, treatment, and care |
front 32 International Bill of Human Rights (documents) | back 32 1) The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2) The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) |
front 33 UDHR, Universal Declaration of Human Rights | back 33 - government has obligation to guarantee rights of their citizens; respect, protect, and fulfill them along with educating society to demand them coincided with Nuremberg trials not legally binding, has moral weight basis for developing several other national legal documents |
front 34 World Bank | back 34 - international organization - provides technical and financial assistance to developing countries to foster economic development and reduce poverty |
front 35 Health-Related Clause of UDHR | back 35 1) everyone has right to standard of living adequate for health and well-being of himself and of his family - food, clothing, housing, necessary social services, security in unemployment, etc. 2) motherhood / childhood are entitled to special care and assistance; all children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection |
front 36 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) | back 36 - backed by US - promoted rights associated with democratic society (free speech, assembly, voting, judiciary system) 1966 *focused on government repression of civil / political rights rather than lack of available healthcare/education as a violation of rights |
front 37 International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) | back 37 - backed by Soviet Union - promoted socialist principles (right to employment, health, shelter, and education) - includes right to health unlike ICCPR 1966 |
front 38 have the US or Russia ratified each other's covenants? (ICESCR & ICCPR) | back 38 no |
front 39 Affordable Care Act (ACA) | back 39 freedom from health-related bankruptcy & impoverishment |
front 40 Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) | back 40 loans in exchange for severe reductions to public expenditures, tax-breaks to businesses - led to fewer civil servants on govt. payroll, little money for public infrastructure - couldn't spend government money that would lead to a deficit, but that was the only way they could build middle class / protect citizens from destitution - impoverished countries couldn't deliver on rights |
front 41 Selective Primary Healthcare (SPHC) | back 41 - more realistic approach to healthcare for all - simple interventions; using existing budgets for volunteer healthcare workers (rather than rebuilding infrastructure) - low-cost tech to prevent disease |
front 42 GOBI | back 42 - growth monitoring of children (nutritional education for mothers if children are underweight) - ORS (oral rehydration solution) - preventing death from dehydration associated with diarrheal disease - breastfeeding until age 6 months continuation until age 2 years - immunization of children |
front 43 Bamako Initiative drawbacks | back 43 - "user fees" as barrier to health for poor people, unequal access to care - money collected through user fees -- not enough to adequately pay staff or stock pharmacies |
front 44 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) | back 44 - international bill of rights for women |
front 45 Convention on the Rights of the Child | back 45 - most rapidly and broadly ratified human rights treaty in history - rights to be free of discrimination, to health, and to education... states that children must have a say in decisions affecting their lives" - only US hasn't ratified |
front 46 ORS | back 46 oral rehydration solution - given to individuals to prevent death from dehydration usually in case of diarrheal disease |
front 47 immune deficiency | back 47 a state in which the body's normal defenses against infection or cancer are weakened |
front 48 4-H club | back 48 - disparaging reference to homosexuals, Haitians, heroin users, and hemophiliacs term emerged as AIDS claimed lives of more and more people -> led to widespread panic and stigma synonymous with carrying the disease |
front 49 members of all 4-H group were... | back 49 banned from giving blood, denied housing, employment victims of violence and discrimination |
front 50 cases suggested that AIDS pandemic likely began in | back 50 Africa, appeared a decade before it appeared in the US idea of "Black African" disease origin led to further stigma along racial lines, promoted racist narratives of sexuality |
front 51 HIV | back 51 human immunodeficiency virus virus or infection that leads to AIDS, ie. weakens the immune system |
front 52 AIDS | back 52 chronic immune system disease caused by immunodeficiency virus |
front 53 UNAIDS (United Nation AIDS Program) | back 53 raise awareness and money for prevention efforts help countries develop national plans to combat disease |
front 54 three important factors in controlling AIDS | back 54 concept and infrastructure of primary healthcare -- people can access needed services modern behavioral science -- public health information to craft prevention messages emergence of a global conscience -- inspire international community to work together, finance response in coordination with WHO |
front 55 transmission of AIDS | back 55 blood products, needles, and other instruments containing fluids from mother to child through exchange of body fluids in utero, during birthing process & through breastfeeding |
front 56 Special Programme on AIDS | back 56 tracked the spread of AIDS |
front 57 PLWA | back 57 people living with AIDS |
front 58 opportunistic infections | back 58 attack those with weakened immune systems (AIDS leaves people susceptible to other infections) |
front 59 _________ is the number-one cause of death for PLWA | back 59 tuberculosis (TB) |
front 60 TASO | back 60 Ugandan-based AIDS fighting organization Dr. Kaleeba and AIDS Support Organization |
front 61 ACT UP | back 61 AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power more militant group, direct action to call attention to AIDS and silence of policy makers |
front 62 TAG | back 62 treatment action group nonprofit that pushed for increased funding for pharmaceutical research for AIDS, particularly drug trials |
front 63 About how many cases of dracunculiasis were recorded for the calendar year 2024? | back 63 15 |
front 64 Most high-income countries are predicted to accomplish the SDGs by the year originally set out for their accomplishment | back 64 false |
front 65 In a TED talk about progress towards the SDGs, the speaker, Michael Green, made the very concerning point that progress has actually gone backwards for the goals related to water and sanitation | back 65 false |
front 66 One feature of a communicable disease is that it is caused by an infectious agent | back 66 true |
front 67 A chronic disease is one that lasts for a long time | back 67 true |
front 68 An acute disease might have either infectious or non-infectious origins | back 68 true |
front 69 A parasite is an organism that benefits from a host, that returns no benefit to the host, and that harms the host in some way | back 69 true |
front 70 The Millennium Development Goals were in place from around 2000 to 2015, prior to the implementation of the SDGs | back 70 true |
front 71 The following are likely to help control dracunculiasis... | back 71 ensure that all people can access safe drinking water ensure that all people can access healthcare for about a month to remove the worm |
front 72 All protozoa are parasitic | back 72 false |
front 73 There is a medication that can be given to people with dracunculiasis to kill the worm; however, this medication is not available in most areas where dracunculiasis is present | back 73 false |
front 74 During the MDG era, MDG 6 (infectious disease) experienced the best outcomes compared with the other MDGs; this is probably because of dedicated funding for that goal | back 74 true |
front 75 vertical program | back 75 initiatives that are disease-specific and focus on the prevention of certain conditions rather than on bettering healthcare systems themselves (and health infrastructure). |
front 76 diagonal program | back 76 leveraging of vertical funding to support her;thcare systems overall more comprehensive than vertical programs priority is to better healthcare infrastructure rather than target specific diseases |
front 77 communicable diseases (infectious diseases, transmissible diseases) | back 77 illnesses that result from infection, presence, and growth of pathogenic biologic agents - in human or other animal host |
front 78 pathogenic | back 78 capable of causing disease |
front 79 infection is not interchangeable with... | back 79 communicable disease |
front 80 infection | back 80 infection with biological agent has occurred, but may not be pathogenic or result in any type of disease |
front 81 non-communicable diseases (NCDs) | back 81 diseases that are not spread through an infectious agent |
front 82 chronic disease | back 82 disease that lasts a long time |
front 83 acute disease | back 83 disease that develops rapidly, lasts for a short time, and has clear symptoms may be caused by infectious agents may also have non-infectious causes |
front 84 injuries | back 84 includes a variety of ways that the human body can be harmed |
front 85 total disease burden '90-'19 observations | back 85 communicable diseases have been decreasing overtime communicable diseases still represent a large burden of the overall GBD |
front 86 microbe | back 86 microscopic organism, not a technical term - synthesize vitamins, prevent pathogenic organisms from invading, aid digestion, improve immune function - objective: propagate |
front 87 parasite | back 87 organism that benefits from a host returns no benefit to the host harms the host in some way |
front 88 pathogen | back 88 any agent that can cause disease |
front 89 zoonosis | back 89 disease of vertebrate animals that is transferred to humans |
front 90 vector | back 90 organism that transmits a pathogen |
front 91 host | back 91 the free food for a parasite |
front 92 definitive host | back 92 host in which a parasite sexually reproduces / completes its lifecycle |
front 93 intermediate host | back 93 the host in which a parasite develops but does not sexually reproduce (may asexually reproduce) |
front 94 reservoir | back 94 any animal, person, plant, soil, substance, or combination of any of these in which the infectious agent normally lives |
front 95 infectious agent... | back 95 must depend mainly on the reservoir for its existence must be able to multiply in the reservoir |
front 96 types of microbes | back 96 viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths |
front 97 viruses | back 97 packaged DNA or RNA protein coat attack and invade host cells (think trojan horse) do not propagate without a host cell (examples: cold, HIV, measles, COVID) |
front 98 bacteria | back 98 single-celled organisms visible with a microscope one ring of DNA, sometimes plasmids acquire genetic material from other organisms (examples: strep throat, tuberculosis, leprosy) |
front 99 protozoa | back 99 single-celled organisms free-living or parasitic generally are able to multiply in a human host typically transmitted fecal-oral route |
front 100 helminths | back 100 multicellular organisms macroscopic free-living or parasitic |
front 101 helminths, three main groups | back 101 flatworms: flukes and tapeworms thorny-headed worms: acanthocephalans roundworms: nematodes |
front 102 dracunculiasis guinea worm disease | back 102 caused by the nematode dracunculus medinensis one of the largest nematodes infection is caused by drinking water contaminated with copepods that carry this type of larvae |
front 103 life cycle dracunculiasis | back 103 1) human drinks unfiltered water containing copepods 2) larvae released when copepods die 3) larvae penetrate host's stomach and intestinal wall; they grow and reproduce 4) fertilized female worm migrates to surface of the skin, causes blister, discharges larvae 5) larvae released into water from emerging female form 6) female worm begins to emerge from skin one year after infection 7) larvae consumed by copepod and grow into mature larvae in copepod |
front 104 dracunculiasis epidemiology | back 104 only found in Chad and South Sudan non-human reservoirs for infection do exist no acquired immunity only helminth transmitted ONLY via drinking water |
front 105 dracunculiasis pathology | back 105 pain from emergence of adult worms secondary bacterial infection trapped adult worms |
front 106 dracunculiasis diagnosis | back 106 characteristic blister adult worm emerging from skin |
front 107 dracunculiasis treatment | back 107 remove adult worm (5 ish cm a day) control secondary bacterial infection |
front 108 dracunculiasis infection risk factors | back 108 little or no access to safe drinking water living in a community where other people have dracunculiasis lack of access to healthcare facilities lack of opportunity to filter unsafe water lack of access to chemicals to kill copepods living in a place where there is insufficient political will or ability to address dracunculiasis |
front 109 dracunculiasis eradication efforts | back 109 began in 1980 at CDC in US WHA called for full effort in '86 currently: concerns about dogs and other animals serving as reservoirs -- hope remains for eradication |
front 110 eradication of disease | back 110 absence of X disease for 3 consecutive years in all countries |
front 111 three categories Green (TEDTalk) grouped the 17 SDGs into? | back 111
|
front 112 need to measure progress / where we've seen progress so far (TEDTalk with Green) | back 112 not only focus on areas where we've been successful (nutrition and basic medical care), but can identify our challenge areas (personal rights and inclusiveness) - seeing where there are opportunities to accelerate progress, negative trends to reverse |
front 113 worrying trend (noticed by Green in TEDTalk) | back 113 declines in personal rights and inclusiveness in many wealthy countries (US and Brazil, countries moving backward in the past few years) |
front 114 are most countries on track to meet the SDGs, as of 2018 | back 114 no - Denmark is the closest, most fall lower on the scale not going to achieve this goal until 2094 overall what we need is for the larger, wealthier countries to make more significant progress (have the resources to create change, need to be held accountable) |
front 115 health system responsiveness (ie. what does a health system need to be responsive?) | back 115 1) data 2) descriptive statistics 3) measurement tools and surveillance systems |
front 116 descriptive statistics | back 116 mean, median, range, standard deviation of data set, etc. - prevalence of conditions / risk factors - incidence of new cases - outcomes |
front 117 The neonatal mortality rate is defined as the number of deaths of infants under 12 months per 1,000 live births in a given year. | back 117 false |
front 118 The under-5 mortality rate is defined as the number of deaths of children under 5 per 1,000 live births, measured annually | back 118 true |
front 119 One thing (among others) that DALYs can help measure is the disease burden associated with conditions that have low mortality but high morbidity | back 119 true |
front 120 In our textbook, Dr. Mukherjee emphasizes that prevention of disease alone is insufficient without a commitment to treatment and ongoing care. | back 120 true |
front 121 A neonate is a person under 28 days of age. | back 121 true |
front 122 A cost-effectiveness approach in the context of global health states that interventions should cost no more than three times the per capita health costs, in order to be considered acceptable. | back 122 true |
front 123 The following are important key criticisms of the “epidemiological transition model”... | back 123 - The disease burden is diverse in all countries, and the model fails to capture that reality - Health systems in all countries are needed that can address a variety of health issues |
front 124 Which of the following are common criticisms of the cost-effectiveness approach in global health... | back 124 - It doesn’t address other factors that negatively impact health - The fixed costs in these models are planned for 5 to 10 years ahead of time, but this approach fails to account for changes in cost over time - Out-of-pocket costs and other costs the patient experiences can still be high and aren’t captured by this approach - It fails to address the actual burden of disease |
front 125 Maternal mortality is measured as the deaths associated with pregnancy, labor, delivery, or within 42 days of childbirth | back 125 true |
front 126 infant mortality rate | back 126 number of deaths of infants (<12 months) per 1,000 live births, measured annually |
front 127 life expectancy at birth | back 127 average number of years a new baby can expect to live if current mortality trends continue |
front 128 neonatal mortality rate | back 128 number of deaths of neonates (<28 days) per 1,000 live births, measured annually |
front 129 under-5 mortality rate (child mortality rate) | back 129 number of deaths of children under 5 per 1,000 live births, measured annually |
front 130 maternal mortality ratio | back 130 measure of the risk of death associated with childbirth number of women who die each year as a result of pregnancy, labor, delivery, or within 42 days after delivery, per 100,000 women who deliver a live child |
front 131 why is MMR measured per 100,000 but neonatal morality and under-5 mortality are measured per 1,000? | back 131 it's relatively rare compared to child mortality / neonatal mortality rates produces a more meaningful, less fractional number |
front 132 fertility rate | back 132 number of births per woman |
front 133 morbidity | back 133 sickness |
front 134 mortality | back 134 death |
front 135 mortality rate | back 135 annual number of deaths per 100,000 population |
front 136 disability | back 136 long-term or short-term reduction in functional capacity |
front 137 prevalence | back 137 number of people with condition X at any given time cross-sectional in nature |
front 138 incidence rate | back 138 number of new cases over time per a given population that's at risk |
front 139 disability-adjusted life year (DALY) | back 139 a measure of losses due to illness, disabilities, and premature death - accounts for loss due to death and disability - requires data about prevalence and incidence Mortality + Morbidity |
front 140 goal of health policy | back 140 avert DALYs in the most cost-effective way |
front 141 risk factor | back 141 an entity (characteristic, environment, behavior, etc.) that is known to be associated with a health issue |
front 142 health professionals seek to ______ risk factors | back 142 minimize |
front 143 _______ is the lead risk factor for death and disability in high-income countries | back 143 smoking |
front 144 malnutrition | back 144 a leading risk factor worldwide (too much, not enough, not the right kind of nutrition) |
front 145 categories covered in global burden of disease study (GBD project) | back 145 - infections and perinatal and maternal conditions - NCDs - injuries and accidents (grouped into 8 global regions - established market economies) |
front 146 findings: global burden of disease study | back 146 - high premature mortality in impoverished regions - lack of good data - NCDs and injuries play a major role (infectious diseases also critical component) - inequities among regions are enormous - findings can be very different for mortality versus for DALYs |
front 147 epidemiologic transition "ages" | back 147 1) age of pestilence and famine 2) age of receding pandemics 3) age of degenerative and manmade diseases 4) age of delayed chronic diseases |
front 148 limitations of the epidemiologic transition model | back 148 1) diseases do not occur in a stepwise fashion (in contrast to what the model states) 2) disease burden is diverse in all countries 3) health systems in all countries are needed that can address a variety of health issues 4) treatment often is prevention, so healthcare systems need to be able to provide treatment |
front 149 cost-effectiveness | back 149 1) formula proposed in '77 by Weinstein and Stason 2) for intervention to be cost-effective, its cost should be no more than 3x the per capita health costs 3) limited impoverished countries to interventions $5-15 per patient per year |
front 150 limitations of cost-effectiveness | back 150 1) cheap interventions fail to address the actual burden of disease, out-of-pocket costs, & other costs the patient experiences (also - doesn't address other factors that negatively impact health) 2) fixed costs in cost-effectiveness models that are planned for 5-10 years out fail to account for cost changes 3) too little money allocated for health in impoverished countries; failing to provide healthcare is a moral issue |
front 151 the epidemiologists's bathtub | back 151 prevalence = water in bathtub water leaking out = death recovery = water evaporating from tub incidence = faucet putting water into the tub |
front 152 burden of disease | back 152 quantity of diseases and conditions and their impact on a population - assessing this = attempting to build systems of care to achieve targets in SDGs |
front 153 Global Burden of Disease project ('90) | back 153 quantifies the impact of diseases worldwide on a regular basis |
front 154 epidemiological transition | back 154 observed shift in the types of diseases that affect populations as economic conditions improve - used disease burden to help countries of differing economic strata to assign health priorities |
front 155 Disease Control Priorities (DCP) project | back 155 burden of disease in impoverished countries impede economic development -- need to address this prioritize interventions with greatest impact on burden of disease impoverished communities (uses cost-effectiveness analyses to help policymakers set priorities in national health systems) |
front 156 health system responsiveness x burden of disease | back 156 the health of a population must be measured and understood if the health system is to appropriately respond |
front 157 reasons to quantify the burden of disease | back 157 planning, policymaking, design of delivery systems, and program evaluation |
front 158 disease | back 158 refers to conditions, illnesses, and injuries |
front 159 burden | back 159 refers to the impact of disease on a population |
front 160 disease surveillance | back 160 measurement of conditions |
front 161 why insufficient data to estimate burden of disease early on? | back 161 1) never reach medical care (get sick and die at home) 2) facilities don't have adequate diagnostic capabilities (causes of illnesses remain unknown) 3) record keepers in short supply (insufficient data to estimate BOD) |
front 162 sequelae | back 162 consequences of diseases - GBD sought to characterize this |
front 163 age of pestilence and famine | back 163 - high mortality rate in population - caused by infectious diseases and starvation low life expectancies |
front 164 age of receding pandemics | back 164 reductions in mortality (esp. young children and infants) life expectancy increase w/ improved access to food, clean water, and infrastructure |
front 165 age of degenerative and manmade diseases | back 165 total fertility rate declines as infant mortality continues to fall major causes of death = NCDs (cancer, diabetes) |
front 166 age of delayed chronic diseases | back 166 reductions in mortality, old age, and primary prevention of chronic diseases (promotion of exercise and healthy diets) |
front 167 three dependent inputs for prioritization (GBD project) | back 167 1) understanding types of diseases and overall burden within a country 2) design of health system to respond to need of population 3) ability of govt to set priorities, ability to use instruments at their disposal *choosing interventions that could be supported within the confines of their health budgets* |
front 168 There were around _______________ forced sterilizations of people in the US as part of a eugenics movement. | back 168 60,000 |
front 169 The Tuskegee Study focused on untreated syphilis among African American men; the study is considered highly unethical, in part because penicillin, a known treatment, was denied to participants for decades. | back 169 true |
front 170 The US Government finally discovered the existence of the Tuskegee Study in 1972 and put an end to it | back 170 false |
front 171 The Nuremberg Code was a result of the Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial, in which Nazi physicians were tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity. | back 171 true |
front 172 The Nuremberg Code states that physicians doing research with human participants must ensure voluntary informed consent from participants (among other things). | back 172 true |
front 173 The Nuremberg Code states that physicians doing research with human participants must ensure that the research is necessary in the sense of being a social good (among other things). | back 173 true |
front 174 The Nuremberg Code states that physicians doing research with human participants must ensure that there are safeguards in place with respect to risk to human participants (among other things). | back 174 true |
front 175 The Declaration of Helsinki came after the Nuremberg Code and supersedes it | back 175 true |
front 176 The Declaration of Helsinki is a highly influential and extremely widely cited set of international research ethics guidelines. | back 176 true |
front 177 Clinical research protocols must have social value and be scientifically valid when they involve human participants. | back 177 true |
front 178 Clinical research protocols must fairly select study participants and researchers cannot enroll members of vulnerable populations when those same populations are unlikely to reap any benefits from the study. | back 178 true |
front 179 For clinical trials, participants must always receive financial compensation (money). | back 179 false |
front 180 The eugenics movement in the United States involved coercive policies (e.g., forced sterilizations, institutionalization) that targeted specific groups of people and forced them to have fewer children or no children at all. | back 180 true |
front 181 How long did the Tuskegee study on untreated syphilis in African American men last? | back 181 40 years |
front 182 The Belmont Report emphasizes the need for “justice” in research contexts, meaning that the benefits and burdens of research must be fairly distributed among populations. | back 182 true |
front 183 The Belmont Report emphasizes the need for “beneficence” in research contexts, meaning that study participants must be financially compensated for study participation when studies contain at least a moderate level of risk. | back 183 false |
front 184 The Belmont Report calls for respect for persons; this means that researchers must treat people as autonomous agents and protect people with diminished capacity to act as autonomous agents. | back 184 true |
front 185 The Belmont Report strongly emphasizes the concept of “due process”. | back 185 false |
front 186 In clinical research involving human study participants, benefits and risks need to be balanced at the level of the individual and at the level of society. | back 186 true |
front 187 Key Principles of Belmont Report | back 187 1) respect for persons people have autonomy, can make their own decisions people w/ diminished capacity are also protected 2) beneficence minimizing harms, maximizing possible benefits 3) justice fairly distributing the benefits and burdens of research |
front 188 how long did the Tuskegee syphilis study last? how long was it supposed to last? | back 188 supposed to last for: 6 months lasted for: 40 years |
front 189 two major ethical violations of Tuskegee | back 189 Lack of transparency in the study, human rights violations individuals in the study given only placebos (mineral supplements and aspirin) and despite the fact that penicillin was recommended cure 15 years into the study Provided participants with no effective care or treatment PHS researchers convincing local physicians to not treat the patients even when treatment became available (men died, went blind, insane, etc) |
front 190 Nuremberg Code | back 190 Following human rights abuses during WWII Nazi doctors tried for war crimes and crimes against humanity |
front 191 key concepts: Nuremberg Code | back 191 Voluntary, informed consent from participants (using that terminology rather than subjects) Necessary - research must be a social good (not just out of general curiosity) Limits on risks to participants (higher risk levels for more fatal conditions, lower risks allowed for something like common cold) Safeguards for patients with respect to risk (check ins, reporting adverse events) |
front 192 Declaration of Helsinki | back 192 followed Nuremberg Code, superseded it (took the place of) more specific, elaborates on points made in Nuremberg Code Although not legally binding, was enshrined into local law (has substantial moral power, revised frequently) |
front 193 key focuses in D.O.H. | back 193 scientific validity fairness risks and benefits placebos consent oversight and accountability |
front 194 eugenics movement in the US | back 194 concluded that things like intelligence and ability are genetic Humanity could be improved if more “fit” humans had more children |
front 195 goals of eugenics movement | back 195 improving qualities of the family (natural, physical, mental, etc.) targeted “unfit” individuals - people who would be inhibiting this goal
(social determinants of health not considered, biased data to support his theory) |
front 196 how widespread was the eugenics movement in the US? | back 196 around 60,000 people in US were sterilized 30 states adopted laws allowing these forced sterilizations |
front 197 simple explanation, Nuremberg Code | back 197 Nuremberg code was created as a result of the Nuremberg Trials that happened post WWII, where Nazi doctors were put on trial for their blatant human rights violations and crimes against humanity The Nuremberg code was not legally binding but held moral value, and was made up of 10 ideas that established ethical principles for human experimentation main topics covered: consent (voluntary), limiting risks, putting in place safeguards, and also necessity of the research |
front 198 According to our textbook, the following are true about medical students in Uganda | back 198 They want more mentoring in their positions as clinical personnel, especially when they’re sent to rural areas. They’re suing the Ugandan government to get access to better supervision/mentoring. |
front 199 According to our textbook, the following are effective strategies to address brain drain | back 199 Provide acceptable mentorship and training opportunities Ensure acceptable and attractive working conditions Pay healthcare workers fairly |
front 200 Programs by NGOs to train clinicians in LMICs are criticized for the following reasons | back 200 Providing short-term training that doesn't improve clinical outcomes Pulling workers away from their posts |
front 201 In many LMICs, there are generally a sufficient number of healthcare workers for the populations served, but they lack the training quality that’s needed to deliver good health outcomes. | back 201 false |
front 202 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for universal health coverage (i.e., everyone has access to healthcare in clinics/hospitals, etc.) by the year 2030. | back 202 true |
front 203 In high-disease-burden settings, there are often enough community health workers, but there may not be a sufficient number of clinical specialists, such as surgeons. | back 203 false |
front 204 The following are true of the healthcare workforce in many LMICs | back 204 The health workforce is generally structured and supervised hierarchically Nurses and midwives are generally supervised by highly skilled specialists at district hospitals and tertiary care hospitals Community health workers make up most of the health workforce and are supervised by nurses and midwives who work in health centers and district hospitals |
front 205 Primary healthcare facilities are generally staffed by healthcare workers with professional skills and who have formal training, but who may not be doctors | back 205 true |
front 206 District hospitals may play a role in population-level data analysis and also quality-improvement initiatives | back 206 true |
front 207 District hospitals perform mostly routine tasks such as vaccinations and prenatal visits, but they might also play a role in surgery or emergency obstetric care | back 207 false |
front 208 A skilled professional health worker is defined as any type of healthcare worker who is formally educated | back 208 true |
front 209 A Public-Sector Spending Cap is the amount of available resources for public expenditures, set by local governments. | back 209 false |
front 210 In impoverished countries, the cost of educating the healthcare workforce is mainly covered by private expenditure: individuals who wish to pursue training as doctors, nurses, etc. pay for their education through loans and out-of-pocket payment | back 210 false |
front 211 The United States has noticeably higher healthcare expenditures per person than any other country in the world, according to figures from ourworldindata.org | back 211 true |
front 212 One *general* trend seen in most countries is that with more money spent on health, health indicators such as life expectancy, child mortality, etc. tend to improve. | back 212 true |
front 213 The price of various essential healthcare products such as soap and water disinfectant does not have a huge effect on whether people purchase them, mainly because people recognize their value and prioritize these essential items | back 213 false |
front 214 Task shifting, although commonly practiced, often results in poorer health outcomes for the population served | back 214 false |
front 215 public-sector spending cap | back 215 maximum amount of money that can be spent on public services and goods set by world bank and IMF for countries that have SAPs |
front 216 how is cost of education covered for healthcare workers in many impoverished countries? | back 216 governments provide education funding, free of charge and supported SAPs restrict amount of money government can put toward services cannot properly compensate their workers, don't have tools for proper training, cannot hire the graduates |
front 217 why do some public-sector clinicians in impoverished countries work only half of a day in public clinics? | back 217 have private practices to help support their families, do private sector work (not making enough money doing general work in the public sector) using public resources to recruit affluent patients, looking for paid training progress underpaid government health personnel |
front 218 problems associated with NGO programs to train clinicians in impoverished countries | back 218 NGOs provide clinical training workshops - short-term, not something that is long-lasting - pull healthcare workers away from their posts, workers looking for more compensation - training doesn't improve their performance because no one is overseeing them |
front 219 what is brain drain? | back 219 draining of human capital, ie. trained health professionals, from impoverished countries to more affluent settings |
front 220 why does brain drain occur? | back 220 job security, better working conditions, want to be compensated properly for their work |
front 221 effective strategies to stop brain drain | back 221 wealthier countries providing financial support, help LMICs properly compensate their workers decreasing active recruitment of health professionals from impoverished countries improving working conditions, make them want to stay |
front 222 why is brain drain a problem for impoverished countries? | back 222 drains them of human capital worsening healthcare worker shortage inhibiting development of healthcare infrastructure |
front 223 mentoring for healthcare workers in high income countries | back 223 years of monitoring before they can see patients on their own key element of clinical training heavily supervised before allowed to practice independently |
front 224 mentoring for healthcare workers in low-income countries | back 224 not enough specialists or ability to have junior clinicians work under supervision training occurs through lectures rather than mentoring limited amount of government funding - lack of oversight and mentoring for trainees |
front 225 medical students in Uganda | back 225 Uganda minister of health changed internship policy Mandatory two year service at government health facility intention: using new grads to cover rural/underserved areas as payback for government funded education they received Interns isolated in crumbling facilities, no mentors, meager stipends Government needs to properly support trainees, provide work environment necessary to deliver care 1,000 suing government on grounds - entitled to postings with mentoring, payment, adequate training facilities |
front 226 3 specific benefits expected if CHWs performed ivermectin distribution for onchocerciasis rather than community-selected volunteers | back 226
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front 227 One task that CHWs often accomplish is the delivery of preventive health services | back 227 true |
front 228 One role of CHWs is to find people in the community who are sick and vulnerable and who are in need of connection to medical care | back 228 true |
front 229 CHWs are able to deliver curative services and also to provide long-term care for chronic conditions. | back 229 true |
front 230 CHWs are defined in our textbook as non-professionally educated workers who are trained to address health issues at the community level | back 230 true |
front 231 CHWs are members of the communities they serve; they live and work near the patients, families, and communities they serve | back 231 true |
front 232 Historically, CHWs were asked to be unpaid volunteers, but this is now changing to some extent | back 232 true |
front 233 Around the 1960s, with many countries in Africa achieving liberation, CHWs were asked to volunteer and to perform key duties related to selective primary healthcare, such as GOBI initiatives. | back 233 true |
front 234 Data show that most CHWs want to be paid fairly for their work rather than acting as volunteers | back 234 true |
front 235 With proper training, CHWs are able to offer prenatal care and they can recognize obstetric emergencies. | back 235 true |
front 236 CHWs can play many health-related roles, but the integrated community case management (iCCM) of childhood illnesses is reserved for physicians and nurse practitioners. | back 236 false |
front 237 In many countries around the world, Vitamin A deficiency contributes to both maternal and child mortality. | back 237 true |
front 238 Vitamin A supplementation can effectively address some aspects of child morbidity and mortality when given twice a year. | back 238 true |
front 239 Blindness can occur if onchocerciasis remains untreated for a number of years. | back 239 true |
front 240 With onchocerciasis, some individuals have itching and other skin-related symptoms, but these are relatively minor in comparison to symptoms in the eye | back 240 false |
front 241 The adult worms that cause onchocerciasis may live for more than 10 years in a person in the absence of treatment. | back 241 true |
front 242 CDTI (community-directed treatment with ivermectin) is the main strategy for onchocerciasis control in African settings right now | back 242 true |
front 243 The regular distribution of a dewormer (called ivermectin) is widely considered essential for onchocerciasis control at this time | back 243 true |
front 244 Multiple countries in the Americas have made great progress towards onchocerciasis elimination, but none have fully achieved elimination as of 2025. | back 244 false |
front 245 Onchocerciasis transmission control can be partially achieved by controlling copepods in water sources | back 245 false (this is guinea worm) |
front 246 Mosquitoes are the main vectors that spread onchocerciasis. | back 246 false black flies |
front 247 filaria | back 247 tissue-dwelling worms that require an arthropod vector as an intermediate host |
front 248 arthropod | back 248 invertebrate with jointed appendages that molts |
front 249 what organism causes onchocerciasis? | back 249 Onchocerca volvulus |
front 250 two key symptoms of onchocerciasis? | back 250 dead microfilariae cause severe skin inflammation due to release of wolbachia bacteria - severe itching, abnormal skin pigmentation, lichenification (thickening, cracking of skin) blindness if untreated |
front 251 vector associated with onchocerciasis | back 251 black fly |
front 252 current strategies to control onchocerciasis in endemic countries in Africa | back 252 African Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) established CDTI, community-directed treatment with ivermectin promoted environmentally-sensitive vector control where possible |
front 253 where are most cases of onchocerciasis? | back 253 Africa 99% of cases currently in 30 African countries |
front 254 control strategies for onchocerciasis | back 254 vector control - dropping insecticide on water bodies to kill black fly larvae ivermectin and doxycycline |
front 255 addressing Vitamin A deficiency | back 255 supplements, need to find new mode of delivering this to people since polio vaccination scaled down traditionally given during NIDs for polio given 2x year |
front 256 Prof. Dorothy Roberts and need to end race-based medicine | back 256 recently has been a push for 'evidence-based medicine' but makes it clear that racial biases still define modern healthcare, lead to misdiagnosis / improper medical treatment - Black / Latino individuals given less pain medication than whites due to the misconception that they have been predisposed to drugs, have higher pain tolerance, etc. - pay lip service to racial bias in medicine -- still pervasive, needs active acknowledgment to be fully addressed |
front 257 The Essential Medicines List (EML) was developed by the WHO and serves as a guide for impoverished countries around drug procurement. | back 257 true |
front 258 Pharmaceutical companies pay little attention to the Essential Medicines List (EML), which means that the EML has mostly failed to impact drug production | back 258 false |
front 259 Generic drugs are needed worldwide; however, production of generic medicines that are off-patent remains low. | back 259 false |
front 260 Generic drugs are almost universally good quality; there are very stringent regulations in place through multiple agencies to ensure this high quality. | back 260 false |
front 261 Beginning with a conference in Bamako, Mali in the 1980s, there has been a push by key international organizations and decision-makers to have patients cover some or all of the cost of drugs. | back 261 true |
front 262 Evidence shows that having consumers pay some or all of the cost of drugs reduces waste and allows healthcare systems to recoup essential costs | back 262 false |
front 263 ART is not yet on the EML due to cost, but progress is being made in the fight to add it. | back 263 false |
front 264 Currently, there are generic versions of ART, which has reduced the price of the drugs substantially | back 264 true |
front 265 A high-level UN panel recommends that research and development (R&D) funding not be linked with drug prices for consumers and that instead, alternative methods of R&D funding be identified. | back 265 true |
front 266 Public money, such as taxes, is often used to fund the preclinical drug discovery phase | back 266 true |
front 267 There are some novel methods already in place to incentivize drug development for diseases that mainly affect people in LMICs; an example is the FDA Amendments Act of 2007. | back 267 true |
front 268 Aid, novel purchasing plans, and philanthropy currently all play a role in bringing drugs to consumers in LMICs | back 268 true |
front 269 _________________ is the most important producer of generic drugs worldwide | back 269 India |
front 270 Expanded drug access worldwide relies heavily on the current and future availability of good quality generic drugs. | back 270 true |
front 271 In the US, generic drugs are tested by the FDA for their chemical composition, so quality control is excellent. | back 271 false |
front 272 Internationally, the WHO is generally responsible for checking the manufacturing quality and standards used by drug manufacturers; this is mainly done through a process called “prequalification”. | back 272 true |
front 273 The “consumption method” of determining how much drug to stock involves using statistical methods to predict the number of cases of illness that will likely occur in the future and purchasing drugs according to those estimates. | back 273 false this is the morbidity method |
front 274 The “morbidity method” of stocking drugs relies heavily on data showing the number of drugs consumed in a previous period of time. | back 274 false this is the consumption method |
front 275 For all countries, about $13-25 per person per year needs to be spent to ensure that everyone can access essential medicines. | back 275 true |
front 276 Priti Krishtel gave a TED talk about why drug prices are so high. One thing she talked about was the “patent wall”, which keeps drugs protected for 40+ years from competition by generics. | back 276 true |
front 277 In her TED talk, Priti Krishtel gave multiple, very specific suggestions, including the following | back 277 Only give patents for products that substantially improve health prospects Stop having the patent office in the US be funded by how many patents they grant Ensure that the public in the US has the right to go to court over drug prices |
front 278 AIDS activism and drug access / patents | back 278 led the way for the evolution of EML, fought for equal access to medication getting ART on EML to increase production of generics |
front 279 what is TRIPS? how does it relate to drug access? | back 279 governs the treaties patented and protected by the WTO (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) countries claiming national emergencies to invoke TRIP flexibilities in dealing with AIDS (supporting generic version compulsory license to manufacture drug locally) |
front 280 Updating and Disseminating the WHO's List of Essential Drugs: The Way Forward | back 280 2001 paper argued for inclusions of newly-developed drugs even under patent when there were no generic options available powerful pharmaceutical companies lobbied US government against it - thought that this would cut their profits, that countries would use EML as a justification to invoke TRIP flexibilities, demand generic drug access eventually allowed |
front 281 in _______, ART was added to the EML | back 281 2002 |
front 282 5 key recommendations from the UN in 2016 that relate to access to drugs | back 282 - International agreements should improve innovation, not hinder - delinking research and development from consumer prices - Transparency – ie. marketing, distribution, pricing of health technologies = clear to public - increased investment - held accountable for ethical access to health technologies |
front 283 5 key points for international collaboration to achieve the SDGs (2014, The Lancet) | back 283
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front 284 basket of essential medicines | back 284 a list of drugs selected to meet the priority health needs of a population (need to be affordable, available, etc.) |
front 285 what happens after governments procure drugs? where do they go and how? | back 285 - stored in a national drug store - district-level pharmacies and hospitals request the medicines from the national drug store based on utilization over the prior month or quarter - drugs distributed from district depots to health centers, also based on consumption over the prior month or quarter |
front 286 problems with current drug procurement process | back 286 - LMIC budget insufficient to purchase needed drugs to meet disease burden - lack of management -> leakage via theft / mismanagement of drugs - poorly paid staff sell drugs and supplies to supplement salaries - system and inputs needed for distribution are inadequate |
front 287 consumption method | back 287 drug forecasting based on previous year consumption -> perpetual stock outs |
front 288 demand signal | back 288 quantity or prior utilization of drugs |
front 289 morbidity method | back 289 anticipated disease burden rather than forecasting based on previous year’s usage - impoverished countries can't always use b/c their meager budgets cannot support what forecasted disease burden would be OR cannot determine full burden (also - excess drugs that would go to waste?) |
front 290 Soyapi Mumba spoke about innovations related to EMRs; which of the following are true, based on his talk | back 290 They needed to build their own cell towers to create a wireless network They used old touchscreens from a failed US company They used barcodes and scanners so that clinicians wouldn’t need to re-enter patient data at every visit |
front 291 Paper booklets for health records can be lost by the patient if the patient is responsible for them. This is a substantial limitation to their use | back 291 true |
front 292 Paper booklets for health records make it slow and difficult to accomplish meaningful data analysis at the population level. This is a substantial limitation to their use | back 292 true |
front 293 Standardized health indicators are useful for program evaluation and to assess changes in health over time; however, a key limitation is that they are difficult to compare across different countries | back 293 false |
front 294 To illustrate some of the key definitions in this chapter, Dr. Mukherjee provided an extensive example of malaria | back 294 false |
front 295 One common problem with aggregated data is that it can be used to identify individuals, which violates some key ethical principles that relate to research with human study participants | back 295 false |
front 296 What is the purpose of OpenMRS? (choose all that apply) | back 296 To give countries the ability to design electronic medical records and customize how those records are used To offer software for electronic medical records at no cost to LMICs |
front 297 Indicators are.. | back 297 measurable, specific, observable, and useful for tracking progress / outcomes in healthcare systems |
front 298 In the context of indicators used to evaluate healthcare systems, an "output" refers to tasks that have been undertaken or completed processes, provided these tasks and processes have resulted in positive outcomes. | back 298 false |
front 299 Which of the following would be expected to have a positive impact in addressing tuberculosis? (choose all that apply) | back 299 An uninterrupted supply of good drugs Data collection and data analysis Political commitment Access to diagnostic tools, like sputum-smear microscopy Standardized DOTS |
front 300 With respect to TB, a patient who has taken drug treatment for TB and who no longer shows TB bacteria in their sputum after the treatment course would generally be considered a "treatment success" | back 300 true |
front 301 It’s very helpful to select health indicators that have existing data streams, rather than needing to create a new data stream. | back 301 true |
front 302 What does DOTS stand for? | back 302 Directly, Observed, Treatment, and Short-Course |
front 303 OpenMRS (Open Medical Records System) | back 303 software platform that allows countries the ability to design and customize EMR decreasing cost of EMR training programers, offering free software necessary b/c electronic data systems are integral to having strong healthcare system |
front 304 Some vertical programs in global health have standard monitoring and evaluation frameworks, but others don’t. | back 304 true |
front 305 Health “indicators” need to have clear definitions in order to be useful. | back 305 true |
front 306 Health programs should develop specific targets to be achieved. | back 306 true |
front 307 For monitoring plans, it’s useful to determine at the outset who will
collect the data and | back 307 false |
front 308 A “logic model” is a way to show the connections between various steps in a program or intervention; it also serves as a framework that can be useful for analyzing the effectiveness of a program/intervention. | back 308 true |
front 309 PDSA | back 309 Plan-Do-Study-Act used to generate plans for improvement beginning with hypothesis for specific practices (there would be more handwashing by healthcare professionals if ______ we took said action) focuses on problems within a system / way it operates rather than blaming individuals for their mistakes |
front 310 key principles of DOTS (scaling up TB treatment in LMICs) | back 310
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front 311 case detection rate | back 311 New cases of TB / expected cases in location |
front 312 DOTS coverage rate | back 312 PH facilities that can correctly offer DOTS / total # of PH |
front 313 treatment success | back 313 patient who has taken drug treatment for TB no longer shows TB bacteria in sputum |
front 314 treatment success rate | back 314 # of patients who were successfully treated / # of patients diagnosed / started treatment (within set timeframe) |
front 315 health equity, disaggregated data | back 315 aggregated data averaging and masking inequities groups of people impacted very differently by policies and programs |
front 316 genus and species: tuberculosis | back 316 mycobacterium tuberculosis |
front 317 A _______ causes TB | back 317 bacterium |
front 318 Approximately ______ of the world’s population is infected with the organism that causes TB. | back 318 24% |
front 319 There is a vaccine currently in use for tuberculosis, but it doesn’t provide complete protection and there are some reasons that it would not be good to use in some settings. | back 319 true |
front 320 The following are considered risk factors for active TB: (choose all that apply) | back 320 experiencing homelessness, having HIV, being undernourished, living in a household with others who have active TB, smoking, having alcohol use disorder |
front 321 The following will probably help reduce the global tuberculosis burden | back 321 Poverty reduction strategies and socioeconomic development Improved nutrition Universal health insurance |
front 322 The agent that causes TB need to be in the lungs for a person to be at risk of transmitting TB to others. | back 322 true |
front 323 There can be a long lag between infection with M. tuberculosis and symptoms of disease. | back 323 true |
front 324 People with M. tuberculosis have about a ______________ lifetime risk of developing TB from a latent infection. | back 324 5-10% |
front 325 TB is preventable, according to the WHO. | back 325 true |
front 326 Most cases of TB are treatable | back 326 true |
front 327 The following can be symptoms of TB: | back 327 coughing up blood, night sweats, fever, otherwise unexplained weight loss |
front 328 Men are more often affected by TB than women | back 328 true |
front 329 Of the following options, which WHO region has the heaviest burden of TB? | back 329 WHO South-East Asia Region |
front 330 We currently have a very promising vaccine candidate for tuberculosis, which is a major advancement with respect to TB control. | back 330 true |
front 331 Indoor Residual Spraying with insecticide was a major malaria control strategy in the past but is not in widespread use as of the year 2025 | back 331 false |
front 332 Seasonal chemoprophylaxis for kids in the Sahel region can be an effective strategy to help control malaria. | back 332 true |
front 333 Pregnant women should not take most types of antimalarial drugs due to potential for harm to the fetus. This is the major reason that pregnant women represent one of the high-risk groups for malaria mortality. | back 333 false high mortality is due to how pregnancy alters the immune response |
front 334 The two main factors determining malaria pathology in humans are anemia and the person’s immune response | back 334 true |
front 335 What is an ITN (or IBN)? | back 335 A barrier that’s treated with chemicals to reduce the likelihood of insect bites |
front 336 Which of the following are true of Anopheles gambiae (choose all that apply) | back 336 they breed easily they have relatively long life spans they prefer biting people more than animals they are the main vector of concern for malaria |
front 337 Malaria is considered the single most important parasitic disease of humans | back 337 true |
front 338 By far, most cases of malaria are in countries in Africa; a smaller number of cases are in some countries in Southeast Asia, and there are still some cases in other locations, such as in Latin America. | back 338 true |
front 339 Pregnant people and children younger than 5 years old in sub-Saharan Africa represent the major risk groups for malaria | back 339 true |
front 340 Drug resistance by Plasmodium is concerned a pretty serious problem today. | back 340 true |
front 341 Malaria episodes can include non-specific symptoms, so in places where malaria is endemic, it is important to get a diagnosis correct to perform the right course of treatment. | back 341 true |
front 342 It’s common for children in malaria-endemic locations to be diagnosed incorrectly with malaria when in fact they have another condition, such as a serious bacterial infection. | back 342 true |
front 343 The following are some of the characteristic features of the NTDs: | back 343 The tendency for people to have chronic symptoms High possibility of disability and disfigurement The tendency to cause stigmatized conditions The tendency for them to be ancient conditions |
front 344 Ascaris lumbricoides eggs can remain alive and infectious for years; they are resistant to chemicals like formalin and sulfuric acid. | back 344 true |
front 345 Ascaris lumbricoides eggs can be killed by heat and sunlight. | back 345 true |
front 346 Many NTDs are highly stigmatized; this represents a disproportionate burden for young men, compared with other demographic groups. | back 346 false |
front 347 In the context of ascariasis and trichuriasis, MDA typically involves giving treatment to entire populations, regardless of an individual's infection status. | back 347 true |
front 348 The word “neglected” in “NTDs” refers to the fact that many NTDs are neglected at the community level, country level, and global level. | back 348 true |
front 349 People can contract whipworm or roundworm by ingesting eggs that were passed in the feces of other humans, especially when people who are infected practice open defecation | back 349 true |
front 350 Adults of _______________________________________ live in the human gastrointestinal tract. | back 350 both Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura |
front 351 Whipworm is diagnosed via stool sampling, while roundworm is mainly diagnosed through a rapid diagnostic test. | back 351 false |
front 352 The following are risk factors for the STHs | back 352 poverty, poor housing structures, lack of access to sanitation facilities, lack of access to treatment within the community, being young |
front 353 Ascaris worms have a long and complicated migration route through the body that includes the stomach, small intestine, heart, and lungs | back 353 true |
front 354 Ascaris eggs are viable (able to infect people) for up to 1 year, but after about 1 year, they die and are no longer infectious. | back 354 false |
front 355 Although people with Ascaris can be treated with deworming drugs, the drugs aren’t very effective, which contributes to the difficulty in controlling this NTD. | back 355 false |
front 356 Nearly half of a billion people are infected with Trichuris. | back 356 true |
front 357 Approximately how long do adult Trichuris live if a person doesn’t receive treatment? | back 357 a few years |
front 358 Trichuris and Ascaris are often coendemic because they share similar risk factors. | back 358 true |
front 359 People who have had Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides are very unlikely to be re-infected after treatment due to acquired immunity. | back 359 false |
front 360 Both hand-washing and sanitation facilities are needed to help control Trichuris and Ascaris, among other strategies. | back 360 true |