front 1 Illness | back 1 Pathologic conditions may alter rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drug |
front 2 Psychology | back 2 Attitudes and expectations play a major role in a patient’s response to therapy; willingness to take medication as prescribed |
front 3 Metabolic rate | back 3 Patients with higher-than-average metabolic rate tend to metabolize drugs more rapidly |
front 4 Placebo effect | back 4 Patient’s positive expectation can positively affect the outcome |
front 5 Nocebo effect | back 5 Patient’s negative expectations can result in a less-than-optimal outcome |
front 6 Cumulative Effect | back 6 Drug accumulation occurs when the next dose is given before the previously given drug has been metabolized or excreted |
front 7 Carcinogenicity | back 7 Ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous |
front 8 Absorption | back 8 Process by which drugs are absorbed in the body; most common is via GI tract; other routes are parenteral and topical |
front 9 what depends on the ph of enzymes | back 9 Absorption by passive diffusion across the membranes and gastric emptying time depend on the pH of the environment. |
front 10 Newborns have an absence of enzymes needed for hydrolysis. | back 10 Process whereby the body inactivates medications; primarily occurs in the liver |
front 11 Metabolism | back 11 As the body ages, important physiologic changes take place in the kidneys, including decreased renal blood flow caused by atherosclerosis and reduced cardiac output, a loss of glomeruli, and decreased tubular function and urine-concentrating ability. |
front 12 Metabolites | back 12 Products of metabolism. |
front 13 What is intestinal transit | back 13 refers to speed at which the intestine moves foods, secretions, and other ingested matter along, and this rate varies with age. |
front 14 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | back 14 Measurements of drug concentration in blood sample |
front 15 Therapeutic Drug Monitoring | back 15 Dosage and frequency of medications can be adjusted to maintain therapeutic level of potentially toxic drugs |
front 16 Aspirin | back 16 use linked with Reye’s syndrome |
front 17 Potentially Inappropriate Medications for Geriatric Patients | back 17 Includes medications that should be avoided and those that are rarely appropriate: Some barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and some narcotics |
front 18 Which patient has the greatest percentage of body water? | back 18 infant |
front 19 Which type of topical drug is more readily absorbed by infants? | back 19 water soluble |
front 20 Which form of medication is more easily administered for a toddler who requires a course of antibiotics? | back 20 liquid |
front 21 Due to the decreased protein-binding capacity in preterm infants, what adjustment in dosage of protein-binding drugs would need to made? | back 21 The dosage should be increased. |
front 22 Teratogens | back 22 Drugs that cause abnormal development of fetal tissues |
front 23 Drugs Known to be Teratogenic | back 23 Androgenic and estrogenic hormones ACE inhibitors, ethanol, tetracycline Thalidomide, vitamin A, warfarin |
front 24 Genetics | back 24 Study of how living organisms inherit the traits of their ancestors, including function of metabolic pathways |
front 25 Genome | back 25 Complete package of genetic coding of an organism |
front 26 Pharmacogenetics | back 26 Study of how drug response may vary according to inherited differences |
front 27 Monoclonal antibodies | back 27 antibodies are early examples of medicines that were synthesized to attack certain types of cancers |