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35 notecards = 9 pages (4 cards per page)

Viewing:

UNIT 2 anatomy test

front 1

Functions of the skin:

back 1

- maintains homeostasis

- protective covering

- prevents water loss

- regulates body temperature

front 2

What do skin cells do?

back 2

Help produce Vitamin D needed for normal bone and tooth development

front 3

Layers of the skin:

back 3

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3. Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

front 4

Describe the epidermis.

back 4

- Lacks blood vessels (avascular)

- Thickest on palms and soles (0.8-1.4mm)

- Rests on basement membrane

- Replaced every 35 days

front 5

1st layer of epidermis

back 5

Stratum corneum

front 6

2nd layer of epidermis

back 6

Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin – palms, soles)

front 7

3rd layer of epidermis

back 7

Stratum granulosum

front 8

4th layer of epidermis

back 8

Stratum spinosum

front 9

5th layer of epidermis

back 9

Stratum basale

front 10

Epidermis: Genetic factors

back 10

  • Varying amounts of melanin
  • Varying size of melanin granules
  • Albinos lack melanin

front 11

Epidermis: Physiological factors

back 11

  • Dilation of dermal blood vessels
  • Constriction of dermal blood vessels
  • Accumulation of carotene
  • Jaundice

front 12

Epidermis: Environmental factors

back 12

  • Sunlight
  • UV light from sunlamps
  • X-rays

front 13

Describe the dermis.

back 13

- On average 1.0-2.0mm thick

- Made up of irregular dense connective tissue

- Contains muscle cells (arrector pili)

front 14

Layer to the dermis: Papillary layer

back 14

  • Thin
  • Superficial
  • Includes dermal papillae

front 15

Layer to the dermis: Reticular layer

back 15

80% of dermis

front 16

Describe the Subcutaneous/Hypodermis Layer.

back 16

- Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue

- Insulates

- Major blood vessels present

front 17

Describe hair follicles

back 17

  • Dead epidermal cells
  • Extends into dermis
  • Contains melanin
  • Arrector pili muscles are attached to every hair

front 18

3 parts to hair follicles:

back 18

1. Hair shaft (above the skin)

2. Hair root (below the skin)

3. Hair papilla (base of root)

front 19

Nail part: Nail plate

back 19

hard outer covering

front 20

Nail part: Nail bed

back 20

under the plate; vascular

front 21

Nail part: Lunula

back 21

half moon structure at the base mitotic division/growth

front 22

Sebaceous Glands

back 22

  • Usually associated with hair follicles
  • Classified at holocrine glands
  • Secrete sebum (oil) for moisturizing
  • Absent on palms and soles

front 23

Sweat Glands/Sudoiferous Glands

back 23

- Widespread in the skin

- Originates deep in the dermis or hypodermis

front 24

Eccrine glands

back 24

- most numerous

- respond to elevated body temps

- found on head, neck, and back

front 25

Apocrine glands

back 25

- respond to emotional stress

- become active at puberty

- found in axillary region and groin

- associated with hair follicles

- develop a scent (skin bacteria)

front 26

Sweat gland: Ceruminous glands

back 26

  • External ear canal
  • Secrete ear wax

front 27

Sweat gland: Mammary glands

back 27

Secrete milk

front 28

Regulation of Body Temperature

back 28

vitally important because even slight shifts can disrupt metabolic reactions.

front 29

Hyperthermia

back 29

abnormally high body temperature

front 30

Hypothermia

back 30

abnormally low body temperature

front 31

Healing of Wounds and Burns

back 31

  • Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress.
  • Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues.

front 32

Inflamed skin may become:

back 32

- Reddened

- Swollen

- Warm

- Painful

front 33

First degree burn

back 33

superficial, partial-thickness

front 34

Second degree burn

back 34

deep, partial-thickness

front 35

Third degree burn

back 35

full-thickness

  • Autograft
  • Homograft
  • Various skin substitutes