2.2. What early initiative led by Hillary Clinton ultimately failed to pass but aimed to overhaul the U.S. healthcare system?
a) Clinton Universal Care Act
b) The Affordable Care Act
c) The Clinton Health Care Plan
d) Public Health Access Bill

C

2.3. Clinton's approach to governing — emphasizing moderate reform, compromise, and a blend of liberal and conservative ideas — is best described as:
a) Reaganomics
b) Democratic Socialism
c) Third Way centrism
d) Neoliberal isolationism

C

3.1. Which free trade agreement, signed during Clinton's presidency, aligned with this global economic vision?
a) TPP
b) NAFTA
c) USMCA
d) WTO Expansion Act

B

3.2. What international conflict led the U.S., under Clinton, to conduct NATO-led airstrikes in the late 1990s?
a) Gulf War
b) Rwandan Genocide
c) Kosovo Crisis
d) Invasion of Afghanistan

C

3.3. Which international economic institutions did Clinton support as part of his globalization policy?
a) Only the Federal Reserve
b) Only the World Trade Organization
c) International Monetary Fund and World Bank
d) NATO and NAFTA

C

4.1. What was the official reason for the impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998?
a) Mishandling classified information
b) Obstruction of justice in the Whitewater investigation
c) Perjury and obstruction of justice related to the Monica Lewinsky scandal
d) Abuse of executive authority during the Kosovo War
e) Collusion with foreign powers

C

4.2. Which piece of legislation, signed by Clinton, repealed parts of the Glass-Steagall Act and contributed to future financial deregulation?
a) Dodd-Frank Act
b) Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
c) Fair Banking Reform Act
d) Financial Stability Act
e) Volcker Rule

B

4.3. The U.S. economy experienced significant growth during the late 1990s due in large part to:
a) Government-sponsored housing programs
b) Increased tariffs on foreign imports
c) The internet and technology boom
d) Cuts in military spending
e) Expanding oil exports

C

4.4. What was the federal budget status by the end of Clinton’s second term?
a) Record-high deficits
b) Balanced budget
c) Budget surplus
d) Emergency wartime spending
e) Collapse of the Treasury

C

4.5. Under Clinton, the Democratic Party shifted its identity by embracing which of the following ideological directions?
a) Progressive populism
b) Libertarianism
c) Religious conservatism
d) Centrist “Third Way” philosophy
e) Isolationism

D

4.6. What national service program was established under the Clinton administration?
a) Peace Corps
b) Teach For America
c) AmeriCorps
d) Green New Deal Corps
e) Urban Rescue Force

C

The ideas expressed in the excerpt clearly reflect which of the following long-term developments in U.S foreign policy?

1. A focus on the diplomatic resolution of conflicts in the Middle East
2. A prioritization of environmental concern over militarization
3. A shift toward unilateral military intervention and global counterterrorism efforts
4. A retreat from international engagement after the Cold War

C

President Bush’s speech reflects a continuation of which former U.S foreign policy approach?

1. a) Cold War Era containment of communism through proxy wars
2. b) Wilsonian ideals of making the world “safe for democracy”
3. c) isolationism that characterized the period between the two World Wars
4. d) The Monroe Doctrine’s emphasis on hemispheric neutrality

B

Which of the following groups would support Bush’s response to the 9/11 attacks?

1. a) isolationist policy makers advocating for the withdrawal of foreign affairs
2. b) National Security advocates pushing for increased defense spending and military action
3. c) Civil liberties groups are warning against an expanding amount of government surveillance
4. d) African Americans fighting for civil rights

B

Which legislation, passed shortly after the September 11 attacks, significantly expanded the U.S. government's surveillance and investigative powers?

1. a) The Homeland Security Act
2. b) The USA PATRIOT Act
3. c) The No Child Left Behind Act
4. d) The War Powers Resolution
5. e) The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance

B

What was the name of the military operation launched by the United States in 2001 to overthrow the Taliban regime in Afghanistan?

1. a) Operation Desert Storm
2. b) Operation Enduring Freedom
3. c) Operation Iraqi Freedom
4. d) Operation Neptune Spear
5. e) Operation Just Cause

B

Which U.S. government agency was primarily responsible for coordinating intelligence and counterterrorism efforts after the September 11 attacks?

1. a) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
2. b) The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
3. c) The Department of Defense (DoD)
4. d) The National Security Agency (NSA)
5. e) The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

A

What were the primary justifications used by the Bush administration to justify the invasion of Iraq?

1. Iraq had ties to Al-Qaeda
2. Saddam Hussein invaded Asia
3. Saddam Hussein was using his oil empire to cause chaos in America
4. Saddam Hussein was a spy

A

Which of the following was a significant impact of the Iraq War on U.S. military policy?

1. a) The reduction of the U.S. military presence in Europe
2. b) The implementation of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy
3. c) The shift towards counterinsurgency tactics and strategies
4. d) The expansion of the Strategic Defense Initiative
5. e) The closure of Guantanamo Bay detention camp

C

What was the primary purpose of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441, passed in 2002?

1. a) To authorize military action against Iran
2. b) To impose economic sanctions on North Korea
3. c) To demand that Iraq disarm its weapons of mass destruction and comply with inspections
4. d) To establish a no-fly zone over Afghanistan
5. e) To promote peace talks between Israel and Palestine

C

What was the primary justification President George W. Bush gave for the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003?
A. Iraq had violated the terms of the Camp David Accords
B. Iraq was harboring Osama bin Laden
C. Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and posed a threat to U.S. security
D. Iraq was involved in the 9/11 terrorist attacks
E. Iraq had invaded neighboring countries in 2002

C

The USA PATRIOT Act, passed in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, was controversial because it:
A. Required all citizens to register for military service
B. Authorized torture of detainees held at Guantanamo Bay
C. Suspended habeas corpus for American citizens
D. Expanded government surveillance and reduced civil liberties in the name of national security
E. Permitted the president to bypass congressional approval for military action

D

Which of the following best describes the Bush Doctrine as it was applied in the early 2000s?
A. A commitment to multilateral diplomacy and conflict resolution
B. A policy of containing communism in the Middle East
C. A belief in preemptive military action against potential threats
D. An effort to reduce military presence abroad
E. A strategy of economic sanctions without military engagement

C

The U.S. response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks included all of the following EXCEPT:
A. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security
B. A military invasion of Afghanistan to oust the Taliban
C. The passage of the USA PATRIOT Act
D. The formation of the Axis of Evil alliance with Russia and China
E. The authorization of indefinite detention of suspected terrorists

D

What was a major criticism of the Iraq War during George W. Bush’s presidency?
A. The war was authorized by the United Nations but not Congress
B. It was launched without the support of any major U.S. allies
C. Intelligence used to justify the war was later found to be inaccurate or misleading
D. The war aimed only to retaliate for 9/11 and had no long-term strategy
E. It resulted in an immediate victory with no insurgency afterward

C

Which of the following correctly identifies a consequence of the War on Terror for U.S. foreign policy?
A. A strengthened alliance with Iran in combating terrorism
B. A more restrained use of American military power abroad
C. A pivot away from the Middle East and toward East Asia
D. Strained relations with some allies due to unilateral U.S. actions
E. The complete withdrawal of American troops from all global conflicts

D

What trend can be noticed between 2009 and 2010?

1. Unemployment rate peaked in 2009 and then began to slowly decline in 2010.
2. Unemployment rate continued to rise rapidly throughout 2010.
3. Unemployment dropped sharply due to immediate effects of financial reforms.
4. Unemployment rate remained unchanged and showed no signs of recovery

A

How did the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform & Consumer Protection Act affect unemployment rates between 2009 and 2015?

1. It immediately reduced unemployment by increasing access to credit for small businesses.
2. It increased financial regulation and was one of the reasons behind the overall decline in unemployment.
3. It caused unemployment rates to rise steadily due to heavy restrictions on hiring in the financial sector.
4. It had no measurable effect on unemployment as it only focused on environmental regulation.

C

What external factor influenced the growth of the largest banks of America as this act was being enforced across the country?

1. Major rise in oil prices that increased global investment in U.S. energy markets.
2. The wave of mergers and acquisitions that resulted in the wake of the housing market collapse
3. Surge in international tourism that boosted consumer banking services.
4. Federal mandate requiring all Americans to open accounts with large national banks.

B

Which of the following is a key aspect of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA) regarding financial institutions?

1. It provided grants for renewable energy projects.
2. It established a framework for protecting endangered species habitats.
3. It authorized the Treasury Department to purchase “troubled assets” to stabilize the financial system.
4. It created a standardized process for conducting Environmental Site Assessments.

C

Why did critics think the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (EESA) primarily benefited large banks and financial institutions?

1. Because this act provided large tax cuts specifically for bank executives.
2. Because this act forced small banks to merge with larger institutions.
3. Because this act directly provided homeowners with large cash payments to help them pay their mortgages.
4. Because they viewed it to be a bailout for Wall Street and financial institutions for not adequately assessing the needs of Americans.

D

The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act’s (EESA) focus on intervening in the financial system is analogous to governmental responses during which earlier historical events?

1. Great Depression
2. The Gilded Age
3. The Panic of 1857
4. The Cold War

A

The primary purpose of the passage is to:

1. Highlight the success of government intervention in stabilizing the economy
2. Illustrate the long-term consequences of the credit crisis on American workers and businesses
3. Advocate for immediate tax cuts for businesses to boost economic recovery
4. Argue that the auto industry in Ohio is the primary cause of the economic crisis

B

The reference to auto plants in Ohio serves primarily to:

1. Provide a specific example of the widespread impact of the economic downturn
2. Contrast the situation in Ohio with the economic conditions in other states
3. Demonstrate the government's success in saving auto industries during the crisis
4. Suggest that the closure of auto plants in Ohio is a minor issue in the national economy

A

What is most implied by the phrase "workers who've never known another job in their entire life"?

1. These workers have had steady, lifelong employment and now face unexpected hardship due to the crisis.
2. The workers are in a unique position because they are the only ones affected by the economic crisis.
3. The government should provide lifelong job security for every worker in the country.
4. Workers in Ohio are more skilled than those in other states, and therefore should not be affected by the crisis.

A

How was the public affected during the recession?

1. Middle class students gained further access to education.
2. Employment rates skyrocketed by 20%.
3. Difficulty to cover expenses and build savings increased.
4. Fertility rates increased among middle class families.
5. There was a dramatic incline to home values.

C

All of the following consequences of the recession of 2008 had an effect on the global economy EXCEPT…

1. Global banks cut interest rates in half by their percentage.
2. The Asian export volumes faced a fast increase.
3. The Australian labor market was greatly affected as unemployment rates soared quickly.
4. Consumer confidence in the UK decreased.
5. India’s oil exports saw a decline in growth.

A

All of the following were the causes of the recession of 2008 EXCEPT…

1. Increased borrowing by banks.
2. Bursting of the home bubble.
3. Inefficient financial regulation
4. GDP increased by 4.3%.
5. Collapse of major financial institutions contributed to a greater global economic crisis.

D

What was the key policy response by President George W. Bush's administration to address the economic impact of the Great Recession in 2008?

1. A) Introduction of a nationwide universal healthcare program

1. B) Implementation of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to stabilize financial institutions

1. C) A drastic increase in federal taxes on high-income earners

1. D) Expansion of Social Security benefits for low-income families

B

How did the Bush-era tax cuts, implemented between 2001 and 2003, contribute to the events leading up to the Great Recession?

1. A) They contributed to a rise in government debt, reducing fiscal flexibility during the crisis.

1. B) They incentivized large corporations to invest in environmentally sustainable practices.

1. C) They led to an increase in consumer debt due to lower taxes on capital gains.

1. D) They encouraged more government regulation of the housing market, which helped stabilize the economy.

A

Which of the following actions taken by the Federal Reserve in 2008 played a critical role in the government's response to the Great Recession under Bush?

1. A) The decision to raise interest rates to encourage saving and reduce consumer spending

1. B) The significant reduction of interest rates to stimulate borrowing and consumer spending

1. C) The introduction of new financial regulation to limit risky lending practices

1. D) The refusal to intervene in the housing market to allow for natural market correction

B

Which of the following best describes the tone and purpose of President Trump’s speech excerpt?

1. Reflective and conciliatory, aiming to unify political factions
   B. Populist and confrontational, aiming to distinguish his agenda from predecessors
   C. Globalist and cooperative, aiming to build international coalitions
   D. Apologetic and regretful, acknowledging past political errors

B

Which group would most likely support the rhetoric used in this excerpt?

1. Multinational corporations invested in free trade
   B. Progressive urban voters focused on social justice reform
   C. Rural and working-class Americans disillusioned with establishment politics
   D. Environmental activists seeking government regulation of industry

C

The phrase “America First” in the speech most closely echoes which of the following earlier movements?

1. Wilson’s Fourteen Points after World War I
   B. The America First Committee prior to U.S. entry into World War II
   C. The Great Society programs of Lyndon B. Johnson
   D. Reagan’s “Morning in America” campaign messaging

B

The events shown in this visual most directly reflect which of the following trends in the United States during the post-2020 era?

A. A decline in federal government power over states
B. Rising political polarization and challenges to democratic norms
C. Renewed interest in constitutional amendments
D. Increased foreign influence in domestic policy debates

B

Which historical development is most comparable to the events depicted in the visual?

1. The Bonus Army protest of 1932
   B. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson in 1868
   C. The Watergate break-in and Nixon’s resignation
   D. The election crisis of 1876 and the Compromise that followed

A

What was one major consequence of the Capitol insurrection shown in the image?

A. A nationwide lockdown due to security threats
B. Passage of the USA PATRIOT Act
C. A second impeachment of President Donald Trump
D. Imposition of martial law in Washington, D.C.

C

Which major national event is Carlos M. describing in his testimony?

1. The rollout of the Affordable Care Act
   B. The opioid epidemic crisis
   C. The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on healthcare workers
   D. The aftermath of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico

C

The experience described in the source most directly reflects which shortcoming of U.S. policy?

A. Overreliance on federal government mandates
B. Failure to regulate the pharmaceutical industry
C. Inadequate emergency infrastructure and supply chains
D. Decline in immigration and population growth

C

The broader public reaction to testimonies like Carlos M.’s contributed to which of the following?

1. A sharp increase in private healthcare enrollment
   B. Widespread public protests demanding justice reform
   C. Renewed calls for universal healthcare and pandemic preparedness
   D. A Supreme Court ruling declaring mask mandates unconstitutional

C

What period in time most closely resembles our current era?

A.The Gilded Age

B.1960s

C.1980s

D. Imperialism

E. Cold War

A

In what ways were Biden’s policies similar to those of the New Deal Era and Social Security during COVID-19?

1. His policies provided stimulus checks and paid off loans of college students, which is similar to the policies of recovery and relief during the New Deal Era.
2. His policies created BIDENCARE, which increased health insurance coverage for the uninsured and made changes to the health insurance market, similar to the policies of reform and recovery.
3. Biden’s policies during COVID-19 were not similar to any of those in the New Deal.
4. He implemented policies that included tax cuts, decreased social spending, and had a trickle-down economy.
5. His policies created Medicare and Medicaid, which provided relief to the elderly and poor.

A

How is America’s reaction to the Gaza Conflict similar to that of another time period?

1. America was forced to participate in the conflict due to external aggression, similar to how Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, causing Americans to join World War II.
2. America entered the conflict after multiple injustices from Great Britain, seeking to break away from them, similar to the Revolutionary War.
3. America entered the conflict due to the sectional tensions that were created, similar to the Civil War.
4. America chose to enter the conflict due to worries over the spread of communism, similar to America aiding in conflicts during the Cold War.
5. America chose to remain neutral and not support either side, despite providing economic aid to Israel, similar to how America claimed neutrality during WW1 yet provided aid to Britain.

E

The ideals of the current Republican government contrast those of:

1. Jacksonians
2. Populists
3. Federalists
4. Counterculture youth
5. Jeffersonians

D

What did Trump do in his first term?

1. Attempt to build a wall between the United States and Mexico
2. Deport illegal immigrants
3. Tax cuts
4. All of the above
5. None of the above

D

Why did Biden step down in the middle of the 2024 election?

1. He was intimidated by Trump and his administration.
2. He desperately wanted Kamala to take over so there could be a “Brat Summer”
3. He was advised by his party to step down due to concerns of Biden not being re-elected
4. He wanted to pursue other careers instead of being president
5. He crumbled under pressure from the overwhelming public support

C

Based on the graph above, what is the most likely reason for the sharp decline in the economy at the end of 2008?

1. A sudden increase in oil prices leading to inflation
2. The onset of global trade wars and tariff increases
3. A significant decline in consumer confidence and spending
4. The collapse of the housing market and subprime mortgage crisis

D

Which of the following was NOT a key element of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

1. The establishment of a national healthcare system
2. The implementation of of new, strict banking regulations
3. Direct financial assistance to state and local governments
4. The rollback of environmental protections

A

The passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 primarily reflected which of the following policies?

1. A belief in government intervention to address economic recessions
2. A commitment to reducing federal spending in the short term
3. A focus on free-market principles and deregulation
4. A shift towards isolationist economic policies

A

Based on the quote above, which of the following was a major goal of the Affordable Care Act?

1. To increase private insurance premiums for middle-class families
2. To ensure access to healthcare for individuals with pre-existing conditions
3. To reduce the number of uninsured people by limiting Medicaid expansion
4. To create a government-run healthcare system

B

Which of the following groups LEAST directly benefited from the passage of the Affordable Care Act?

1. An individual with a pre-existing condition who was previously denied coverage by insurance companies
2. A middle-class individual who qualified for subsidies to purchase insurance through the exchanges
3. A high-income individual with employer-sponsored insurance who did not face significant increases in coverage costs
4. A young, healthy individual who now pays lower premiums due to the broader risk pool

C

Which of the following provisions of the Affordable Care Act directly aimed at reducing the number of uninsured Americans?

1. The introduction of a public option for health insurance
2. The establishment of health insurance exchanges for individuals to purchase insurance
3. The elimination of employer-sponsored insurance programs
4. The creation of the individual mandate, requiring all Americans to purchase health insurance

B

Based on the above quote, which of the following best describes President Obama’s approach to the War in Afghanistan?

1. A strategy focused on counterterrorism and counterinsurgency while supporting the Afghan government
2. A shift towards airstrikes and drone warfare to minimize American casualties
3. A rapid withdrawal of U.S. troops to end military involvement in the region
4. The replacement of U.S. forces with United Nations peacekeepers to stabilize the region

A

Which of the following was a key aspect of President Obama’s strategy in Afghanistan that distinguished it from the earlier Bush administration’s approach

1. A focus on nation-building and strengthening the Afghan government
2. An immediate end to military operations in Afghanistan in favor of diplomatic solutions
3. A complete withdrawal of all U.S. troops from the region
4. A greater emphasis on military escalation and increased troop deployments

A

The decision to increase U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan under the Obama administration was primarily intended to:

1. Provide humanitarian aid to the Afghan population
2. Focus primarily on securing oil supplies in the region
3. Establish permanent military bases in the region for strategic advantage
4. Assist Afghan forces in securing the country and eliminating the Taliban

D

Which of the following was a direct consequence of the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq in 2011?

1. A shift towards diplomatic relations with Iran
2. A significant increase in oil exports from Iraq to the U.S.
3. The collapse of the Iraqi government and the rise of ISIS
4. The successful establishment of a stable, democratic government in Iraq
5. The end of all U.S. military operations in the Middle East

C

Which of the following was a primary goal of President Obama’s "Clean Power Plan"?

1. To establish a nationwide carbon tax on businesses
2. To increase the use of coal as a primary energy source
3. To privatize the energy industry and remove government oversight
4. To ban all fossil fuel-based power plants in the U.S.
5. To reduce carbon emissions from power plants and promote renewable energy

E

The "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell" policy was repealed in 2010, allowing:

1. All foreign-born military personnel to serve in the U.S. military
2. Gay individuals to openly serve in the U.S. military
3. The establishment of gay marriage as a legal right
4. Military personnel to serve with family members in active duty
5. The use of military funding for LGBTQ rights organizations

B

The "Arab Spring" uprisings that began in 2010 led to which of the following actions by the Obama administration?

1. U.S. support for democratic movements and pressure on dictators to step down
2. Complete withdrawal of U.S. involvement in the Middle East
3. A policy of supporting authoritarian leaders to maintain stability
4. Immediate military intervention in all affected countries
5. The establishment of a peacekeeping force in North Africa

A

In his efforts to address climate change, President Obama focused on all of the following except:

1. The signing of the Paris Agreement on climate change
2. Increased investments in renewable energy sources like wind and solar power
3. Implementation of stricter fuel efficiency standards for vehicles
4. The development of a national cap-and-trade system to limit carbon emissions
5. The promotion of hydraulic fracturing as an alternative energy source

D