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Anatomy JV Exam 2: Perineum
front 1  What is 1? | back 1 urethral orifice |
front 2 What is 2? | back 2 vaginal orifice |
front 3 What is 3? | back 3 perineal membrane |
front 4 What is 4? | back 4 levator ani |
front 5 What is 5? | back 5 anal aperture |
front 6 What is 6? | back 6 anal triangle |
front 7 What is 7? | back 7 urogenital triangle |
front 8 The line dividing the perineum is the line joining the two __________ __________, creating the __________ triangle anteriorly and the __________ triangle posteriorly. | back 8 ischial tuberosities, urogenital, anal |
front 9 The urogenital triangle lies in a __________ plane, while the anal triangle lies in a __________ plane, meaning they are __________ __________ __________ same plane. | back 9 horizontal, posterior, not in the |
front 10  What is 1? | back 10 urogenital triangle |
front 11 What is 2? | back 11 anal triangle |
front 12 What is 3? | back 12 urethral orifice |
front 13 What is 4? | back 13 perineal membrane |
front 14 What is 5? | back 14 levator ani |
front 15 What is 6? | back 15 sacrotuberous ligament |
front 16 What is 7? | back 16 anal aperture |
front 17  What is 1? | back 17 anterior superior iliac spine |
front 18 What is 2? | back 18 pubic tubercle |
front 19 What is 3? | back 19 pubic symphysis |
front 20 What is 4? | back 20 sacrum |
front 21 What is 5? | back 21 sacrospinous ligament |
front 22 What is 6? | back 22 sacrotuberous ligament |
front 23 What is 7? | back 23 pelvic inlet |
front 24 What is 8? | back 24 anal triangle of perineum |
front 25 What is 9? | back 25 urogenital triangle of perineum |
front 26 The urogenital hiatus is a __________-shaped opening in the __________ __________, located within the __________ triangle. | back 26 U, pelvic diaphragm, urogenital |
front 27 The urogenital hiatus allows passage of the __________ in males, and the __________ and __________ in females. | back 27 urethra, urethra, vagina |
front 28 the perineal membrane has a free edge/margin where? __________ __________ /__________ | back 28 posterior edge/margin |
front 29 The perineal membrane is a thick, fascial structure attached to the bones of the __________ __________ with a free __________ __________. | back 29 pubic arch, posterior margin |
front 30 The two perineal pouches within the perineal membrane are the __________ perineal pouch located __________ to the membrane, and the __________ perineal pouch located __________ to the membrane. | back 30 deep, superior, superficial, inferior |
front 31 The inferior boundary of the superficial perineal pouch is the __________ __________. | back 31 Colles' fascia |
front 32  What is 1? | back 32 superficial perineal fascia (colles’ fascia) |
front 33 What is 2? | back 33 perineal body |
front 34 What is 3? | back 34 ischial tuberosity |
front 35 What is 4? | back 35 coccyx |
front 36 What is 5? | back 36 external anal sphincter |
front 37 What is 6? | back 37 levator ani |
front 38 What is 7? | back 38 gluteus maximus |
front 39 What is 8? | back 39 obturator internus |
front 40 What is 9? | back 40 superficial transverse perineal |
front 41 What is 10? | back 41 perineal membrane |
front 42 What is 11? | back 42 ischiocavernosus |
front 43 What is 12? | back 43 bulbospongiosus |
front 44  What is 1? | back 44 superficial perineal fascia (colles’ fascia) |
front 45 What is 2? | back 45 ischial tuberosity |
front 46 What is 3? | back 46 bulbospongiosus |
front 47 What is 4? | back 47 ischiocavernosus |
front 48 What is 5? | back 48 perineal membrane |
front 49 What is 6? | back 49 superficial transverse perineal |
front 50 What is 7? | back 50 obturator internus |
front 51 What is 8? | back 51 gluteus maximus |
front 52 What is 9? | back 52 levator ani |
front 53 What is 10? | back 53 external anal sphincter |
front 54 The superficial perineal space is located between the __________ __________ superiorly and the __________ __________ inferiorly. | back 54 perineal membrane, Colles' fascia |
front 55 Colles' fascia is continuous with __________ fascia of the abdominal wall and __________ fascia of the scrotum and penis. | back 55 Scarpa's, Dartos |
front 56 Laterally, Colles' fascia is tightly adherent to the __________ and __________ rami, and posteriorly to the __________ edge of the perineal membrane. | back 56 pubic, ischial, posterior |
front 57  What is 1? | back 57 deep membranous layer of subcutaneous tissue |
front 58 What is 2? | back 58 deep fascia of penis |
front 59 What is 3? | back 59 superficial (dartos) fascia of penis and scrotum |
front 60 What is 4? | back 60 superficial perineal colles fascia |
front 61 Extravasted bloody urine from a damaged spongy urethra can pass into the __________ fascia of the lower abdomen, the __________ fascia of the penis and scrotum, the __________ fascia of the perineum, and the __________ perineal pouch. | back 61 Scarpa's, Dartos, Colles', superficial |
front 62 Extravasted urine cannot pass into the __________ fascia of the penis, the __________, or the __________ triangle due to tight adherence of Colles' fascia to the __________ __________ and the __________ __________ of the thigh. | back 62 Buck's, thigh, anal, perineal membrane, fascia lata |
front 63 The superficial perineal space contains the __________ tissues that form the penis in males and the __________ in females. | back 63 erectile, clitoris |
front 64 In males, the erectile structures within the superficial perineal space include the __________ of the corpora cavernosa, the __________ __________, and the __________ of the penis. | back 64 crura, corpus spongiosum, bulb |
front 65 In females, the erectile structures in the superficial perineal space include homologous structures to the male and the __________ __________ glands, also called __________ glands. | back 65 greater vestibular, Bartholin |
front 66 The superficial perineal space also contains muscles associated with erectile tissues, the __________ __________ perineal muscle, and their investing fascia called __________ fascia. | back 66 superficial transverse, Gallaudet's |
front 67 Neurovascular contents of the superficial perineal space include branches of the __________ __________ vessels and the __________ nerve. | back 67 internal pudendal, pudendal |
front 68 The tunica albuginea is a dense, __________ capsule that surrounds the two __________ __________ erectile tissues of the __________. | back 68 fibrous, corpora cavernosa, penis |
front 69 The __________ muscles cover the crura of the penis, while the __________ muscle covers the bulb. | back 69 ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus |
front 70 The root of the penis is attached to the __________ __________ and the __________ __________. | back 70 pubic arch, perineal membrane |
front 71 in what part of the penis can you find the urethra? __________ __________ | back 71 corpus spongiosum |
front 72  What is 1? | back 72 corpora cavernosa |
front 73 What is 2? | back 73 corpus spongiosum containing urethra |
front 74 What is 3? | back 74 glans penis |
front 75 What is 4? | back 75 external urethral orifice |
front 76 What is 5? | back 76 navicular fossa of urethra |
front 77 What is 6? | back 77 crus of penis |
front 78 What is 7? | back 78 bulbourethral gland within deep pouch |
front 79 What is 8? | back 79 bulb of penis |
front 80  What is 1? | back 80 bulbospongiosus muscle |
front 81 What is 2? | back 81 ischiocavernosus muscle |
front 82 What is 3? | back 82 fundiform ligament of penis |
front 83 What is 4? | back 83 suspensory ligament of penis |
front 84 What is 5? | back 84 superficial transverse perineal muscle |
front 85 What is 6? | back 85 perineal body |
front 86 The skeletal muscles of the perineum are innervated by the __________ nerve, a branch of the __________ nerve, which arises from spinal segments __________ to __________. | back 86 perineal, pudendal, S2, S4 |
front 87 The terminal branch of the pudendal nerve is the __________ nerve of the __________, which provides __________ afferents from the penis. | back 87 dorsal, penis, sensory |
front 88 The dorsal nerve of the penis is involved in the __________ sacral spinal reflex related to __________. | back 88 erection, erection |
front 89 Sensory afferents from the penis involved in the erection reflex are carried by the __________ nerve of the penis, the terminal branch of the __________ nerve, arising from spinal segments __________ to __________. | back 89 dorsal, pudendal, S2, S4 |
front 90 Parasympathetic efferents involved in erection travel via __________ __________ nerves, enter the __________ __________ plexuses, __________ plexuses, and __________ nerves, releasing __________ and __________. | back 90 pelvic splanchnic, inferior hypogastric, prostatic, cavernous, ACh, NO |
front 91 The release of neurotransmitters during erection causes the __________ arteries to relax, allowing increased blood flow into the penis. | back 91 helicine |
front 92 During erection, the __________ __________ and __________ __________ become engorged with blood, the __________ and __________ muscles compress veins to prevent venous return, and the __________ __________ helps maintain penile turgidity. | back 92 corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, tunica albuginea |
front 93 Damage to the pudendal nerve can cause penile __________ but does not affect __________ erection. | back 93 insensitivity, psychogenic |
front 94 Sensory afferents from the penis are carried by the __________ nerve of the penis, a terminal branch of the pudendal nerve (S2-S4), while erectile function is mediated by the __________ nerves carrying __________ efferents. | back 94 dorsal, cavernous, parasympathetic |
front 95 The neurotransmitters involved in erection are __________ and __________. | back 95 ACh, NO |
front 96 ACh and NO cause the __________ arteries to __________, allowing greater blood flow into the penis. | back 96 helicine, relax |
front 97 During erection, the __________ __________ and __________ __________ become engorged with blood. | back 97 corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum |
front 98 The __________ and __________ muscles compress veins to prevent venous return, while the __________ __________ helps maintain penile turgidity. | back 98 ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, tunica albuginea |
front 99 During emission, __________ nerves from spinal segments __________ to __________ cause peristalsis that moves semen to the prostatic urethra via the __________ ducts. | back 99 sympathetic, L1, L2, ejaculatory |
front 100 During expulsion, __________ nerves (L1-L2) close the __________ urethral sphincter of the bladder. | back 100 sympathetic, internal |
front 101 Parasympathetic nerves from spinal segments __________ to __________ cause contraction of the __________ smooth muscle during expulsion. | back 101 S2, S4, urethral |
front 102 The somatic reflex involving the __________ nerve (S2-S4) causes contraction of the __________ muscle during ejaculation. | back 102 pudendal, bulbospongiosus |
front 103 what nerves cause peristalsis to move semen to the prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory ducts? __________ __________ -__________ | back 103 sympathetics L1-L2 |
front 104 The two layers of the scrotum are __________, which is heavily pigmented and thin, and the __________ fascia, a fat-free layer containing smooth muscle. | back 104 skin, dartos |
front 105 When cold, the __________ fascia/muscle contracts, reducing scrotal surface area and helping the __________ muscle keep the testes against the body wall. | back 105 dartos, cremasteric |
front 106 The anterior scrotal nerves are branches of the __________ and __________ nerves. | back 106 ilioinguinal, genitofemoral |
front 107 The posterior scrotal nerves arise from the __________ nerve, originating from spinal segments __________ to __________. | back 107 pudendal, S2, S4 |
front 108 The anterior labial nerves that innervate the labia majora come from the __________ nerve. | back 108 ilioinguinal |
front 109 The posterior labial nerves, which also innervate the labia majora, arise from the __________ __________ nerve, a branch of the __________ nerve. | back 109 superficial perineal, pudendal |
front 110  What is 1? | back 110 greater vestibular gland in superficial pouch |
front 111 What is 2? | back 111 bulb of vestibule |
front 112 What is 3? | back 112 glans clitoris |
front 113 What is 4? | back 113 corpora cavernosa |
front 114 What is 5? | back 114 crus of Clitoris |
front 115 The deep perineal pouch contains skeletal __________, blood __________, and __________. The deep perineal pouch is located immediately __________ to the perineal membrane. | back 115 muscle, vessels, nerves superior (deep) |
front 116 In males, the deep perineal pouch contains the __________ glands, also known as __________ glands. | back 116 bulbourethral, Cowper's |
front 117 The deep perineal pouch in both males and females contains a sheet of skeletal muscle that functions as the __________ __________ __________. | back 117 external urethral sphincter |
front 118 The __________ __________ perineal muscle lies parallel to the free margin of the perineal membrane and helps stabilize the perineal body. | back 118 deep transverse |
front 119 In females, the deep perineal pouch contains two additional muscles: the __________ __________ and the __________ __________. | back 119 sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae |
front 120 The deep transverse perineal muscles are found within the __________ __________ __________ in both males and females. | back 120 deep perineal pouch |
front 121 The deep transverse perineal muscles run __________ to the free margin of the __________ __________ and help stabilize the __________ __________. | back 121 parallel, perineal membrane, perineal body |
front 122  What is 1? | back 122 opening of the urethra |
front 123 What is 2? | back 123 external urethral sphincter |
front 124 What is 3? | back 124 sphincter urethrovaginalis |
front 125 What is 4? | back 125 perineal membrane |
front 126 What is 5? | back 126 deep perineal pouch |
front 127 What is 6? | back 127 compressor urethrae |
front 128 What is 7? | back 128 deep transverse perineal muscle |
front 129 What is 8? | back 129 opening for vagina |
front 130 The external urethral sphincter in both males and females is formed by a sheet of __________ __________ located in the __________ __________ __________. | back 130 skeletal muscle, deep perineal pouch |
front 131 in anatomical position, what direction the the anal triangle face? __________ | back 131 postero-inferiorly |
front 132 The lateral boundaries of the anal triangle are the medial margins of the __________ __________. | back 132 sacrotuberous ligaments |
front 133 The anterior boundary of the anal triangle is a line between the __________ __________, marking the free posterior border of the __________ __________. | back 133 ischial tuberosities, perineal membrane |
front 134 The posterior boundary of the anal triangle is the __________. | back 134 coccyx |
front 135 The ischioanal fossae are large, __________-lined, __________-shaped spaces located on either side of the __________ __________. | back 135 fascia, wedge, anal canal |
front 136 The ischioanal fossae lie between the __________ and the __________ fascia of the pelvic diaphragm. | back 136 skin, inferior |
front 137 Alcock's canal is a thickening or specialization of the __________ __________ fascia. | back 137 obturator internus |
front 138 Alcock's canal contains the __________ __________ vessels, the __________ nerve, and the __________ nerve. | back 138 internal pudendal, pudendal, perineal |
front 139 Inflammation in the anal canal can lead to a fistula between the __________ __________ and the __________ __________. | back 139 anal canal, ischioanal fossa |
front 140 An anal canal fistula can result in painful __________ formation and may spread to the __________ recess or through the deep __________ space to the opposite side. | back 140 abscess, anterior, postanal |
front 141 The two sides of the ischioanal fossa communicate through the __________ __________ space, which lies superior to the __________ ligament. | back 141 deep postanal, anococcygeal |
front 142 Clinically, communication between both sides of the ischioanal fossa allows an __________ to spread from one side to the other. | back 142 abscess |
front 143  What is 1? | back 143 obturator artery |
front 144 What is 2? | back 144 umbilical artery |
front 145 What is 3? | back 145 inferior vesical artery |
front 146 What is 4? | back 146 inferior gluteal artery |
front 147 What is 5? | back 147 internal pudendal artery |
front 148 What is 6? | back 148 superior vesical artery |
front 149 What is 7? | back 149 middle rectal artery |
front 150 What is 8? | back 150 internal pudendal artery, vein, nerve in pudendal canal |
front 151 What is 9? | back 151 inferior rectal artery |
front 152  What is 1? | back 152 common iliac artery |
front 153 What is 2? | back 153 internal iliac artery |
front 154 What is 3? | back 154 external iliac artery |
front 155 What is 4? | back 155 dorsal artery of penis |
front 156 What is 5? | back 156 deep artery of penis |
front 157 What is 6? | back 157 iliolumbar artery |
front 158 What is 7? | back 158 lateral sacral arteries |
front 159 What is 8? | back 159 internal pudendal artery |
front 160 What is 9? | back 160 inferior rectal artery |
front 161 What is 10? | back 161 artery of bulb |
front 162 The major somatic innervation of the perineum is the __________ nerve, which arises from spinal cord levels __________ to __________. | back 162 pudendal, S2, S4 |
front 163 The pudendal nerve exits the pelvic cavity via the __________ __________ foramen, loops around the __________ __________, and enters the __________ __________ foramen. | back 163 greater sciatic, ischial spine, lesser sciatic |
front 164 After entering Alcock's canal in the anal triangle, the pudendal nerve gives off the __________ __________ nerve and continues into the urogenital triangle as the __________ nerve. | back 164 inferior rectal, perineal |
front 165 The pudendal nerve terminates as the __________ nerve of the penis or clitoris and does not carry __________ fibers involved in erection or ejaculation. | back 165 dorsal, autonomic |
front 166  What is 1? | back 166 piriformis muscle |
front 167 What is 2? | back 167 ischial spine |
front 168 What is 3? | back 168 pudendal nerve |
front 169 What is 4? | back 169 inferior anal nerve |
front 170 What is 5? | back 170 perineal nerve |
front 171  What is 1? | back 171 pudendal nerve |
front 172 What is 2? | back 172 obturator internus muscle |
front 173 What is 3? | back 173 pudendal canal in fascia of obturator internus |
front 174 What is 4? | back 174 inferior rectal nerve |
front 175 What is 5? | back 175 dorsal nerve of penis |
front 176 What is 6? | back 176 coccygeal artery |
front 177 What is 7? | back 177 sacrospinous ligament |
front 178 What is 8? | back 178 levator ani muscle |
front 179 What is 9? | back 179 perineal nerve |
front 180 Bicycle seat neuropathy is caused by compression of the __________ nerve in __________ __________ against the __________ __________. | back 180 pudendal, Alcock's canal, ischial tuberosity |
front 181 Symptoms of bicycle seat neuropathy include __________ in the perineal region and, in some cases, __________. | back 181 numbness, impotence |
front 182 To relieve perineal pain during childbirth, a physician may perform a __________ __________ __________ by palpating the __________ __________ through the __________ and injecting anesthetic around the nerve. | back 182 pudendal nerve block, ischial spine, vagina |
front 183  what has happened to this patient? | back 183 bartholinitis |
front 184 Bartholinitis is an infection of the __________ (also called the __________ __________) gland. | back 184 Bartholin, greater vestibular |
front 185 Bartholinitis presents with swelling, __________, and __________—the three cardinal signs of inflammation. | back 185 redness, pain |
front 186 Infections like bartholinitis may cause enlargement of the __________ __________ lymph nodes on the side of the infected gland. | back 186 superficial inguinal |
front 187 Scrotal cancer first metastasizes to the __________ __________ lymph nodes. | back 187 superficial inguinal |
front 188 Scrotal cancer is rare in the USA but can be associated with __________ infection. | back 188 HPV |
front 189 Damage to the pudendal nerve can cause urinary __________ because the __________ __________ __________ is innervated by the deep perineal nerve, a branch of the pudendal nerve. | back 189 incontinence, external urethral sphincter |
front 190  What is this? | back 190 Scrotal cancer |