Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except

A. economic swings and depressions.

B. illness and accident.

C. employers' whims.

D. new educational requirements for jobs.

E. sudden unemployment.

D. new educational requirements for jobs.

Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor

A. independent workers and craftsmen.

B. individual entrepreneurs.

C. corporations.

D. labor unions.

E. state regulatory agencies.

C. corporations.

The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly argued that these men

A. were environmentally insensitive.

B. tried to take the United States back to an earlier age of aristocracy.

C. built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.

D. slowed technological advances.

E. had no real business ability.

C. built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.

The United States changed to standard time zones when

A. All of these

B. Congress passed a law establishing this system.

C. the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.

D. factories demanded standard time schedules.

E. long-distance telephones required standard time coordinations.

C. the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.

Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the

A. electric refrigerator and stove.

B. Bessemer steel process and the internal combustion engine.

C. streetcar and the bicycle.

D. electric light and the phonograph.

E. typewriter and the telephone.

E. typewriter and the telephone.

Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration

A. combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.

B. None of these.

C. embraced the notion of buying up competitors and forming a monopoly interest.

D. required smaller competitors to agree to standardized rates set by larger firms.

E. created an industrial association through which member companies could wield much power.

A. combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.

Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that

A. the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.

B. society owed a basic standard of living to even its weakest members.

C. there should be eugenic biological breeding to produce a superior human race.

D. only a few large corporations were fit to survive in the industrial jungle.

E. fitness to survive and thrive could be proven through physical competition.

A. the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.

Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as

A. unacceptable.

B. high-wage positions.

C. institutions that broke up families.

D. a poor alternative to farming.

E. the only steady jobs and wages available.

E. the only steady jobs and wages available.

The most effective and enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the

A. Knights of Columbus.

B. Congress of Industrial Organizations.

C. American Federation of Labor.

D. National Labor Union.

E. Knights of Labor.

C. American Federation of Labor.

Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called

A. interlocking directorates.

B. holding companies.

C. trusts.

D. pools.

E. rebates.

D. pools.

Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?

A. Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock.

B. Bribing judges and state legislatures.

C. Receiving kickbacks from powerful shippers.

D. Watering railroad stocks and bonds in order to sell them at inflated prices.

E. Providing free railroad passes to journalists and politicians.

A. Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock.

The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the

A. Union Pacific

B. New York Central

C. Northern Pacific

D. Great Northern

E. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe

D. Great Northern

The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental network was that it

A. made it possible for some immigrants to settle in the West.

B. enabled people from farms and small towns to visit the big city.

C. united the nation into a single, integrated national market.

D. developed a skilled industrial workforce.

E. spread the U.S. population across the whole continent.

C. united the nation into a single, integrated national market.

In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that state legislatures could not regulate railroads because

A. railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.

B. railroad executives had committed no illegal acts in their business.

C. the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad was incorporated in Missouri, not Illinois.

D. the U.S. Constitution did not permit the government to regulate private industry.

E. the state legislatures were acting on behalf of a private interest, Illinois farmers.

A. railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.

The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the

A. Interstate Commerce Commission.

B. Consumer Affairs Commission.

C. Federal Communications Commission.

D. Federal Trade Commission.

E. Federal Anti-Trust Commission.

A. Interstate Commerce Commission.

Which of the following was not among the technologies invented or improved by Thomas A. Edison?

A. The mimeograph

B. The phonograph

C. The electric light bulb

D. The electric dynamo

E. The motion picture

D. The electric dynamo

The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of

A. Jay Gould

B. Thomas Edison

C. Alexander Graham Bell

D. Henry Bessemer

E. John P. Altgeld

D. Henry Bessemer

John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal integration involved

A. developing multiple uses for oil in transportation, lighting, and industry.

B. franchising Standard Oil gasoline stations to independent operators.

C. forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard Oil or lose their business.

D. creating standardized job assignments and fixed production and sales quotas for all employees.

E. controlling all phases of the oil industry from drilling to commercial retailing.

C. forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard Oil or lose their business.

America's first billion-dollar corporation was

A. American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).

B. The Union Pacific Railroad.

C. Standard Oil.

D. United States Steel.

E. General Electric (GE).

D. United States Steel.

The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie

A. based its theology on the teachings of Jesus.

B. was opposed by most late nineteenth century clergymen.

C. asserted that the more people prayed the better off they would become.

D. stimulated efforts to help minorities.

E. held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money.

E. held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money.

Which of the following was not among the technological improvements that made the modern transcontinental railroad network possible?

A. Air brakes

B. Steel rails

C. Standard gauge tracks

D. The block signal

E. The caboose

E. The caboose

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of

A. labor unions.

B. banking syndicates.

C. manufacturing corporations.

D. railroad corporations.

E. state legislatures.

A. labor unions.

Most women workers of the 1890s worked for

A. retirement savings.

B. independence.

C. economic necessity.

D. glamour.

E. personal spending money.

C. economic necessity.

Which of the following is least like the other four?

A. Lockout

B. Yellow dog contract

C. Closed shop

D. Blacklist

E. Company town

C. Closed shop

The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when

A. the government owned the means of production.

B. workers accepted the concept of craft unions.

C. labor would own and operate businesses and industry.

D. business would understand the principles of social justice.

E. labor controlled the government.

C. labor would own and operate businesses and industry.

One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was

A. Irish.

B. non-producers.

C. social reformers.

D. women.

E. African Americans.

B. non-producers.

In the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant

A. all of these.

B. gained his victory by winning the votes of a majority of whites.

C. transformed his popularity into a large majority in the popular vote.

D. demonstrated his political skills.

E. owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.

E. owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.

New York's notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of

A. the RICO racketeering act.

B. New York Times articles and the cartoons of Thomas Nast.

C. testimony by Tweed's partners in crime.

D. New York City's ethics laws.

E. federal income tax evasion charges.

B. New York Times articles and the cartoons of Thomas Nast.

A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was

A. a credit crunch caused by extremely high interest rates.

B. the expansion of more factories, railroads and mines than existing markets would bear.

C. the issuance of millions of dollars in greenbacks.

D. Wall Street's fears about the power of the radical Greenback Labor party.

E. excessive speculation in mining stocks.

B. the expansion of more factories, railroads and mines than existing markets would bear.

The major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on

A. failure to use the secret Australian ballot in some places.

B. Samuel Tilden's association with corrupt politicians.

C. the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana.

D. President Grant's campaign for a third term.

E. who would be Speaker of the House.

C. the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana.

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

A. a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the south.

B. the election of a Democrat to the presidency.

C. a plan to build the first transcontinental railroad.

D. the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the south.

E. Republican support for an inflationary silver-money policy.

D. the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the south.

In the 1896 case of Plessy v Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that

A. "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.

B. the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to African Americans.

C. literacy tests for voting were constitutional.

D. segregation was unconstitutional.

E. African Americans could be denied the right to vote.

A. "separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.

At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans using

A. lynching.

B. economic intimidation.

C. poll taxes.

D. literacy tests.

E. all of these.

E. all of these.

Public executions and lynchings of black men in the Jim Crow South were

A. a way to force blacks back into slave-like labor.

B. done to scare black into moving out of the South.

C. all of these.

D. retaliation for violent crimes against whites.

E. designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status.

E. designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status.

In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress

A. sent many Chinese back to their homeland.

B. banned the Kearneyites in San Francisco.

C. did nothing, as it was California's problem.

D. negotiated a restricted-immigration agreement with China.

E.passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.

E.passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.

Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he

A. was personally dishonest and corrupt.

B. had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.

C. was unable to get other to follow his lead.

D. lacked political ambition.

E. did not believe in the principles of the Republican party.

B. had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.

The Credit Mobilier scandal involved

A. evasion of excise taxes on distilled liquor.

B. public utility company bribes.

C. railroad construction kickbacks.

D. Bureau of Indian Affairs payoffs.

E. manipulating the Wall Street stock market.

C. railroad construction kickbacks.

In the aftermath of the Civil War

A. concern for racial questions took precedence over economics.

B. waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government.

C. Americans retained a strong sense of idealistic sacrifice.

D. the population of the United States declined.

E. the North developed a strong sense of moral superiority.

B. waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government.

Despite the lack of national political issues, Gilded Age elections often produced fierce local contests over culturally and religiously charged issues like

A. prohibition and education.

B. race relations and racial justice in the South.

C. sexual morality and women's rights.

D. the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency.

E. imperialism and foreign missions.

A. prohibition and education.

he sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents" in the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's two nonconsecutive terms) was

A. Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Hayes, Harrison, and Cleveland.

B. Cleveland, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Garfield.

C. Garfield, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.

D. Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.

E. Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland.

E. Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland.

Which of these is NOT a true statement about the relationship between blacks and sharecropping in the years after Reconstruction

A. Sharecroppers barely scraped by economically.

B. Black sharecroppers often lived in conditions scarcely better than when they were slaves.

C. Some merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them.

D. White southerners did not work as sharecroppers.

E. As sharecroppers, blacks found themselves at the mercy of former masters who were now their landlords and creditors.

D. White southerners did not work as sharecroppers.

The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the

A. availability of industrial jobs.

B. lure of cultural excitement.

C. compact nature of those large communities.

D. advent of new housing structures known as dumbbell tenements.

E. development of the skyscraper

A. availability of industrial jobs.

The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

A. had experience with democratic governments.

B. represented nonwhite racial groups.

C. arrived primarily from Germans, Sweden, and Norway.

D. were culturally different from previous immigrants.

E. received a warm welcome from the Old Immigrants.

D. were culturally different from previous immigrants.

The two immigrant ethnic groups who were most harshly treated in the mid to late nineteenth century were the

A. Germans and Swedes

B. Japanese and Filipinos

C. Irish and Chinese

D. French and Russians

E. Spanish and Greeks

C. Irish and Chinese

While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because

A. they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments.

B. they consistently upheld high ethical standards.

C. their support for the democratic party helped to balance small-town Republican power.

D. they were closely allied to other urban institutions like the church and big business.

E. they were better able to leverage grant money from the federal government.

A. they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments.

In the 1890s, white collar positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for

A. native-born Americans.

B. the college-educated.

C. African Americans.

D. Jews.

E. Irish-Americans.

A. native-born Americans.

Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except

A. used as strikebreakers.

B. non-English speaking.

C. difficult to unionize.

D. willing to work for low wages.

E. opposed to factory labor.

E. opposed to factory labor.

The American Protective Association

A. established settlement houses in several major cities in order to aid New Immigrants.

B. supported immigrant restrictions.

C. was led for many years by Florence Kelley and Jane Addams.

D. preached the social gospel that churches were obligated to protect New Immigrants.

E. sought to organize mutual-aid associations.

B. supported immigrant restrictions.

The religious denomination that was most positively engaged with the New Immigration was

A. Roman Catholics.

B. Christian Scientists.

C.Baptists.

D. Episcopalians.

E. Mormons.

A. Roman Catholics.

The intellectual development that seriously disturbed the churches in the late nineteenth century was the

A. biology of Charles Darwin.

B. rise of theories of white racial superiority.

C. growing awareness of non-Christian religions.

D. new geological studies.

E. growing feminist assault on theories of male superiority.

A. biology of Charles Darwin.

As a leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington

A. advocated social equality.

B. promoted black political activism.

C. helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

D. discovered hundreds of uses for the peanut.

E. promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation.

E. promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation.

The success of the public schools is best evidenced by

A. the large number of students graduating from them.

B. the falling illiteracy rate to just over 10 percent by 1900.

C. the ways in which they helped assimilate massive numbers of immigrants.

D. the large number of average Americans going on to attend college.

E. the movement of men into the teaching profession.

B. the falling illiteracy rate to just over 10 percent by 1900.

Settlement houses, such as Hull House, engaged in all of the following activities except

A. lobbying for social reform.

B. instruction in English.

C. child care.

D. evangelical religious instruction.

E. cultural activities.

D. evangelical religious instruction.

The Morrill Act of 1862

A. established women's colleges like Vassar.

B. mandated racial integration in public schools.

C. granted public lands to states to support higher education.

D. required compulsory school attendance through high school.

E. established the modern American research university.

C. granted public lands to states to support higher education.

Black leader, Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

A. supported the goals of Booker T. Washington.

B. established an industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama.

C. was an ex-slave who rose to fame.

D. None of these

E. demanded complete equality for African Americans.

E. demanded complete equality for African Americans.

The two late-nineteenth-century newspaper publishers whose competition for circulation fueled the rise of sensationalistic yellow journalism were

A. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

B. Henry Adams and Henry James.

C. Horatio Alger and Harlan E. Halsey.

D. Henry George and Edward Bellamy.

E. Edwin L. Godkin and Stephen Crane.

A. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

American newspapers expanded their circulation and public attention by

A. printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal.

B. focusing on coverage of the local community and avoiding sensationalist material.

C. crusading for social reform.

D. repudiating the tactics of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.

E. printing hard-hitting editorials.

A. printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal.

All of these were factors that increasingly made cities more attractive than farms for young adults except

A. urban nightlife.

B. the lower cost of living.

C. industrial jobs.

D. electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones.

E. the advent of skyscrapers and suspension bridges.

B. the lower cost of living.

One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was

A. public transportation systems.

B. mass-production factories.

C. large department stores.

D. advertising billboards.

E. the Sears catalog.

C. large department stores.

Most New Immigrants

A. quickly assimilated into the mainstream of American life.

B. eventually returned to their country of origin.

C. converted to mainstream Protestantism.

D. tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America.

E. were subjected to stringent immigration restrictions.

D. tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America.

By the late nineteenth century, most Old Immigrant groups from Northern and Western Europe

A. were still regarded with suspicion and hostility by the majority of native Americans.

B. actively promoted the idea of a multicultural America.

C. still maintained a primary loyalty to their country of origin, especially Ireland or Germany.

D. had largely abandoned their ethnically based churches, clubs, and neighborhoods.

E. were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods.

E. were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods.

Besides serving immigrants and the poor in urban neighborhoods, settlement workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley

A. actively lobbied for social reforms like anti-sweatshop laws and child labor laws.

B. steered clear of controversial international questions like war and peace.

C. created the new, largely female profession of teaching.

D. saw themselves primarily as feminists who worked to advance women's causes.

E. looked down on the immigrant population they served.

A. actively lobbied for social reforms like anti-sweatshop laws and child labor laws.

The new, research-oriented modern American university tended to

A. focus primarily on theory rather than practical subjects.

B. challenge Charles Darwin's theory of organic evolution and natural selection.

C. de-emphasize religious and moral instruction in favor of practical subjects and professional specialization.

D. give a new emphasis to the importance of religion and cultural tradition.

E. take the lead in movements of social and political reform.

C. de-emphasize religious and moral instruction in favor of practical subjects and professional specialization.

Booker T. Washington believed the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was

A. to directly challenge white supremacy

B. the vote.

C. the rejection of accommodationist attitudes.

D. economic independence and education.

E. rigorous academic training.

D. economic independence and education.

In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women

A. became much more common.

B. was confined to women's colleges.

C. resulted in the passage of the Hatch Act.

D. became more difficult to obtain.

E. blossomed especially in the South.

A. became much more common.

The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of

A. middle class women.

B. big business.

C. the poor and working classes.

D. industrial labor unions.

E. the new immigrants.

A. middle class women.

Which of the following sports was not developed in the decades following the Civil War?

A. Bicycling

B. College football

C. Baseball

D. Basketball

E. Croquet

C. Baseball

One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the

A. passage of more liberal divorce laws.

B. emerging feminist movement.

C. stresses of urban life.

D. decline in farm income.

E. decline of religious organizations.

C. stresses of urban life.

In his book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, the Reverend Josiah Strong advocated American expansion to

A. ease labor violence at home.

B. maintain the international balance of power.

C. demonstrate and maintain white racial superiority.

D. spread American religion and values to backward nations.

E. open up new markets for industrial goods.

D. spread American religion and values to backward nations.

A major factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late nineteenth century was the

A. construction of an American-built isthmian canal between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

B. need for subservient populations to replace freed slaves.

C. closing of the frontier.

D. desire for more farmland.

E. need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.

E. need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.

Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that

A. the United States should immediately build an isthmian canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

B. free trade was essential to a nation's economic health.

C. control of the sea was the key to world domination.

D. the United States should continue its policy of isolationism.

E. the United States should construct a fleet of battleships.

C. control of the sea was the key to world domination.

The near-war between the United States and Britain over the Venezuela boundary crisis ultimately resulted in

A. a naval arms race between the United States and Britain.

B. stationing United States marines along the disputed border.

C. a growing diplomatic reconciliation between the two English-speaking countries.

D. a brief war between Venezuela and British Guiana.

E. British concessions of the disputed territory to Venezuela.

C. a growing diplomatic reconciliation between the two English-speaking countries.

One reason that the white sugar lords tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule and annex the islands to the United States was they

A. found the government of Queen Liliuokalani repressive and inefficient.

B. wanted to convert the native Hawaiians and East Asian immigrants to Christianity.

C. feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers.

D. sought to control American foreign policy in the Pacific.

E. intended to force the growing native Hawaiian population to become indentured plantation laborers.

C. feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers.

Which of the following prominent American leaders was least enthusiastic about U.S. imperialistic adventures in the 1890s?

A. William McKinley

B. Theodore Roosevelt
C. William Randolph Hearst

D. Grover Cleveland

E. Alfred Thayer Mahan

D. Grover Cleveland

Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani was forced from power in 1893 because

A. she refused to allow Christian missionaries in her country.

B. Hawaiian agriculture had failed under her leadership.

C. President Grover Cleveland believed that U.S. national honor required control of the Hawaiian government.

D. many Hawaiians found her rule corrupt.

E. she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii.

E. she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii.

The actual purpose of the battleship Maine's visit to Cuba was to

A. provoke a war with Spain.

B. prepare for the intervention by the U.S. marines if necessary.

C. offer a way for Cuban rebels to escape to Florida.

D. stop rioting by the Cuban rebels.

E. protect and evacuate American citizens from the island.

E. protect and evacuate American citizens from the island.

The Teller Amendment

A. appropriate funds to combat yellow fever in Cuba.

B. stated that Cuba would become an American possession.

C. directed President McKinley to order American troops into Cuba.

D. guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted.

E. granted the United States a permanent base at Guantanamo Bay.

D. guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted.

President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because

A. it became clear that there was no other way to obtain Cuban independence.

B. the business community favored it.

C. the Spanish government had directly insulted the United States.

D. the Teller Amendment guaranteed that the United States would not establish colonial control of Cuba.

E. the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.

E. the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.

The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule and the later United States occupation was

A. Emilio Aguinaldo

B. Jonathon Martinez

C. Dupuy de Lome

D. Pasqual de Cervera

E. Valeriano Weyler

A. Emilio Aguinaldo

The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American War was largely due to

A. the efficient logistical support for U.S. forces provided by the War Department.

B. the well-trained U.S. Army.

C. the strategic skill of U.S. military leadership.

D. effective use of the new steel navy.

E. effective collaboration between U.S. forces and Cuban and Filipino rebels.

D. effective use of the new steel navy.

The greatest loss of life for American fighting men during the Spanish-American War resulted from

A. the war in the Philippines.

B. the bungling of unprofessional military volunteers.

C. naval battles in the Caribbean.

D. sickness in both Cuba and the United States.

E. land battles in the Cuban campaign.

D. sickness in both Cuba and the United States.

All of the following became possessions of the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris with Spain except

A. Guam.

B. Puerto Rico.

C. Hawaii.

D. the Philippine Islands.

E. Manila.

C. Hawaii.

American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially stressed

A. their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations.

B. their potential as a military base for defense of the Pacific.

C. their strategic advantage for American naval operations.

D. the Filipino's own preference that their archipelago become an American protectorate.

E. the opportunity that they presented for Christian missionary work.

A. their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations.

Anti-imperialists presented all of the following arguments against acquiring the Philippine Islands except that

A. imperialism was likely to be more costly than profitable.

B. annexation would propel the United States into the political and military cauldron of East Asia.

C. the islands were still rightfully Spain's, since they were taken after the armistice had been signed.

D. despotism abroad might lead to despotism at home.

E. it would violate "the consent of the governed" philosophy of the Declaration of Independence.

C. the islands were still rightfully Spain's, since they were taken after the armistice had been signed.

Starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans came to the mainland United States seeking

A. employment.

B. political refuge.

C. citizenship.

D. to learn English.

E. independence.

A. employment.

On the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory acquired in the Spanish-American War, the Supreme Court ruled in the Insular Cases that

A. the American Constitution and laws did not apply to U.S. colonies.

B. federal but not state laws applied.

C. only tariff laws could be enforced.

D. only the Bill of Rights applied.

E. the president could determine which U.S. laws applied in U.S. colonies.

A. the American Constitution and laws did not apply to U.S. colonies.

The American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence

A. was won with fewer casualties than the war in Cuba.

B. resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides.

C. was waged in accord with traditional American ideals.

D. was remarkable for its avoidance of civilian casualties.

E. was highly popular in the United States.

B. resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides.

Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they

A. feared German military domination of China.

B. wanted the United States to have exclusive trade rights with the Chinese.

C. feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.

D. disliked the superior racial attitudes displayed by the Europeans toward the Chinese.

E. believed that such intervention undermined Chinese sovereignty.

C. feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.

America's initial Open Door policy was essentially an argument to promote

A. free trade in China.

B. military protection for the Chinese emperor.

C. exclusive trade concessions for the U.S. in Shanghai.

D. equal spheres of influence in China.

E. the principle of self-determination.

A. free trade in China.

China's Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to

A. throw out or kill all foreigners.

B. establish American power in the Far East.

C. overthrow the corrupt Chinese government.

D. restore traditional Chinese religion.

E. destroy the Open Door policy.

A. throw out or kill all foreigners.

Construction of an isthmian canal across Central America was motivated mainly by

A. the Panamanian Revolution.

B. American economic interests in Central America.

C. the British rejection of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.

D. a desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans.

E. America's growing economic interests in Asia.

D. a desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans.

Theodore Roosevelt strongly encouraged the Panamanians to revolt against Columbia because

A. Roosevelt was personal friends with the Panamanian engineer Bunau-Varilla.

B. he wanted to establish a permanent U.S. military base in the region.

C. he thought they would not charge as much for a canal route as the Columbians.

D. he regarded the Columbians as racially inferior.

E. the Columbian senate had rejected the American offer to buy a canal route across Panama.

E. the Columbian senate had rejected the American offer to buy a canal route across Panama.

The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was specifically designed to

A. restore cordial relations between the United States and Latin American countries.

B. stop European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

C. justify U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries.

D. enabled the United States to rule Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone.

E. establish a friendly partnership with Britain so that it could join the United States in policing Latin American affairs.

C. justify U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries.

The United States' frequent intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries in the early twentieth century

A. was appreciated in the region as an effective cloak of defense against European threats.

B. was a "Bad Neighbor" policy that left a legacy of ill will and distrust of the United States throughout Latin America.

C. departed from Theodore Roosevelt's big-stick diplomacy.

D. established political stability in the area.

E. was intended to spread democracy in the region.

B. was a "Bad Neighbor" policy that left a legacy of ill will and distrust of the United States throughout Latin America.

The primary diplomatic result of Roosevelt's diplomatic ending of the Russo-Japanese War was that

A. the United States began to ally itself with Russia against Japan.

B. U.S. relations with Japan improved.

C. both Japan and Russia became increasingly hostile to the United States.

D. China began to seek an alliance with the United States in order to check Japan and Russia.

E. U.S. relations with Russia improved.

C. both Japan and Russia became increasingly hostile to the United States.

Historians have argued that race and gender were important in Roosevelt's and other's justifications for imperialism because these imperialists

A. claimed American society had lost touch with manly virtues.

B. regarded blacks as primitive and Anglo-Saxons as civilized.

C. perceived other nations as at the bottom of a strict racial hierarchy.

D. All of these

E. saw the nation as becoming soft and feminine since the frontier closed.

D. All of these

The real heart of the progressive movement was the effort by reformers to

A. get the government off the backs of the people.

B. preserve world peace.

C. use the government as an agency of human welfare.

D. ensure the Jeffersonian style of government.

E. promote economic and social equality.

C. use the government as an agency of human welfare.

Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of

A. America's need to catch up with more progressive European nations.

B. the need to assert female power against male oppression.

C. the harsh treatment of working women by employers.

D. their being essentially an extension of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers.

E. women's inherent rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

D. their being essentially an extension of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers.

The religious movement that was closely linked to progressivism was

A. the Catholic Action movement.

B. the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association.

C. the missionary movement.

D. the Social Gospel.

E. conservative evangelicalism.

D. the Social Gospel.

Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled The Shame of the Cities

A. exposed the deplorable conditions of blacks in urban areas.

B. uncovered official collusion in prostitution and white slavery.

C. laid bare insider trading practices on the stock market.

D. unmasked the corporate alliance between big business and municipal government.

E. exposed the United States Senate as a millionaire's club.

D. unmasked the corporate alliance between big business and municipal government.

Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on the social ills was to

A. make the public aware of social problems.

B. formulate a consistent philosophy on social reform.

C. devise solutions to society's problems.

D. explain the causes of social ills.

E. link up with movements for social justice.

A. make the public aware of social problems.

The leading progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was

A. the General Federation of Women's Clubs.

B. Hull House.

C. the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

D. the National Consumers League.

E. the Progressive Party.

C. the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was a key progressive reform designed to

A. guarantee the secret Australian ballot in all federal elections.

B. make Senators directly elected and end the Senate millionaire's club.

C. end the corrupt and family-destroying influence of the liquor industry.

D. prohibit child labor.

E. enable the President to be elected directly by the people rather than by the electoral college.

B. make Senators directly elected and end the Senate millionaire's club.

According to progressives, the cure for all of American democracy's ills was

A. a more conservative government.

B. socialism.

C. technical and scientific expertise.

D. a third political party.

E. more democracy.

E. more democracy.

All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives except

A. ending prostitution and white slavery.

B. the direct election of senators.

C. prohibition.

D. women's suffrage.

E. treating women in the workplace exactly the same as men.

E. treating women in the workplace exactly the same as men.

In Mueller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principal promoted by progressives like Florence Kelley and Louis Brandeis that

A. the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health.

B. female workers required special rules and protection on the job.

C. child labor under the age of fourteen should be prohibited.

D. women's factory labor should be limited to ten hours a day, five days a week.

E. female workers should receive equal pay for equal work.

B. female workers required special rules and protection on the job.

The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because in its ruling, the Supreme Court

A. declared a law limiting work to ten hours a day unconstitutional.

B. declared unconstitutional a law providing special protection for women workers.

C. declared that prohibiting child labor would require a constitutional amendment.

D. upheld the constitutionality of a law enabling business to fire labor organizers.

E. ruled that fire and safety regulations were local and not state or federal concerns.

A. declared a law limiting work to ten hours a day unconstitutional.

Teddy Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by

A. passing legislation making the miners' union illegal.

B. appealing to mine owners' and workers' sense of the public interest.

C. using the military to force the miners back to work.

D. threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troops.

E. helping the mine owners to import strike-breakers.

D. threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troops.

The Elkins and Hepburn Acts were designed to

A. guarantee the purity of food and drugs.

B. end the corrupt and exploitative practices by the railroad trusts.

C. provide federal protection for natural resources.

D. improve women's working conditions.

E. regulate municipal utilities and end private utility monopolies.

B. end the corrupt and exploitative practices by the railroad trusts.

Teddy Roosevelt believed that large corporate trusts

A. were essential to American national power and economic growth.

B. were simply too powerful to be broken up or regulated.

C. were bad only if they acted as monopolies against the public interest.

D. should be balanced by strong labor unions.

E. had to all be busted up if the American economy were to thrive.

C. were bad only if they acted as monopolies against the public interest.

Passage of the federal Meat Inspection Act was inspired by the publication of

A. Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives.

B. Theodore Dreiser's The Titan.

C. Henry Demarest Lloyd's Wealth Against Commonwealth.

D. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

E. Jack London's The Call of the Wild.

D. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

According to the text, Teddy Roosevelt's most important and enduring achievement may have been

A. busting the corporate monopoly trusts.

B. protecting the American consumer.

C. building the Panama Canal.

D. conserving American resources and protecting the environment.

E. mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.

D. conserving American resources and protecting the environment.

The western preservationists suffered their worst political setback when

A. California refused to control suburban sprawl into fragile mountain and desert areas.

B. the city of Los Angeles built canals to bring water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

C. the Yosemite National Park was opened to motor vehicles.

D. private developers were allowed to cut off public access to the Pacific Coast beaches.

E. California's Hetch Hetchy Valley was dammed to supply water to San Francisco.

E. California's Hetch Hetchy Valley was dammed to supply water to San Francisco.

President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed

A. dollar diplomacy.

B. big-stick diplomacy.

C. the Open Door policy.

D. sphere-of-influence diplomacy.

E. the Good Neighbor policy.

A. dollar diplomacy.

Teddy Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because

A. the Democratic party was split.

B. Woodrow Wilson appeared to be a very strong democratic candidate.

C. Senator Robert La Follette encouraged him to do so.

D. Taft decided not to run for a second term.

E. William Howard Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt's progressive policies.

E. William Howard Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt's progressive policies.

The settlement house and women's club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity because they

A. broke down the idea that women had special concerns as wives and mothers.

B. helped slum children to read Dante and Shakespeare.

C. introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns.

D. provided literary and philosophical perspectives on social questions.

E. became the launching pads for women seeking political office.

C. introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns.

While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the

A. Square Deal

B. New Deal

C. Fair Deal

D. Big Stick

E. Big Deal

A. Square Deal

Activists in the anti-liquor campaigns saw saloons and alcohol as intimately linked with

A. drunken voters.

B. All of these

C. crooked city officials, paid off by liquor companies.

D. prostitution.

E. None of these

B. All of these

Teddy Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he

A. began to reduce his trust-busting activity.

B. supported the Federal Reserve Act.

C. got into a quarrel with his popular Secretary of War, William Taft.

D. refused to do anything in response to the Roosevelt Panic.

E. announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president.

E. announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president.

Progressive reformers included which of the following?

A. All of these

B. Pacifists

C. Militarists

D. Female settlement workers

E. Labor unionists

A. All of these

The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass

A. laws from preventing women from working in the needle trades.

B. anti-sweatshop and workers' compensation laws for job injuries.

C. laws requiring mandatory fire escapes for all businesses employing more than 10 people.

D. laws guaranteeing unions the right to raise safety concerns.

E. zoning regulations governing where dangerous industrial factories could be located.

B. anti-sweatshop and workers' compensation laws for job injuries.

By 1910, all of the following were true about women's efforts to gain the vote except

A. a federal amendment granting the right to vote was about to be passed.

B. reformers embraced votes for women as a way to elevate the political tone.

C. states in the West had gradually extended the vote to women.

D. Progressives supported the movement.

E. Prohibitionists thought they could count on votes of enfranchised women.

A. a federal amendment granting the right to vote was about to be passed.

The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government

A. made giant strides under the leadership of Hiram Johnson.

B. was designed to remove politics from municipal administration.

C. brought democracy to urban dwellers.

D. opened urban politics to new immigrants.

E. was developed in Wisconsin.

B. was designed to remove politics from municipal administration.

When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the

A. unsanitary conditions that existed in the meat-packing industry.

B. deplorable conditions in the drug industry.

C. plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry.

D. unhealthy effects of beef consumption.

E. corruption in the United States Senate.

C. plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry.

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first _______ elected to the presidency since the Civil War.

A.Methodist

B. lawyer

C. Democrat

D. person born in the South.

E. non-Civil War veteran

D. person born in the South.

To secure passage of the Underwood Tariff Bill, Woodrow broke new ground by

A. writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy.

B. stirring up western and southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East.

C. personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion.

D. enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage.

E. sending a team of economic experts to testify before Congress.

C. personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion.

The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to

A. close weak banks.

B. collect income taxes directly from employee's paychecks.

C. take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard.

D. guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures.

E. issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates.

E. issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates.

The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address all of these practices except

A. prohibiting false and misleading advertising.

B. eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices.

C. outlawing unfair business competition and bribery.

D. outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products.

E. sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits.

E. sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits.

Because of the benefits it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the _______ "labors Magna Carta."

A. Clayton Anti-Trust Act

B. Workmen's Compensation Act

C. Federal Reserve Act

D. Sixteenth Amendment

E. Underwood Tariff Act

A. Clayton Anti-Trust Act

The first Jewish member of the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was

A. Abraham Cahan.

B. Bernard Baruch.

C. Louis D. Brandeis.

D. Felix Franfurter.

E. Arsene Pujo.

C. Louis D. Brandeis.

Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by

A. opposing the entry of women into politics.

B. accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

C. opposing workingmen's compensation.

D. vetoing the Federal Farm Loan Act.

E. refusing to appoint the Catholic Al Smith to the Federal Trade Commission.

B. accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's fundamental approach to American foreign policy?

A. Moralistic

B. Isolationist

C. Imperialistic

D. Balance-of-power

E. Realistic

A. Moralistic

Difficulties in Mexico in the early 20th century affected the U.S. by

A. encouraging massive migration of Mexicans across the border.

B. sparking tension between the U.S. and Spain.

C. interfering with trade relations.

D. providing an investment opportunity for U.S. corporations.

E. None of these

A. encouraging massive migration of Mexicans across the border.

President Wilson's first direct use of American military forces in revolutionary Mexico occurred when he

A. seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta.

B. sent General Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa staged raids into New Mexico.

C. sent the army to protect the vast ranch of newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst.

D. sent the army to prevent Venustiano Carranza from becoming president of Mexico.

E. sent armed forces to protect against Mexico's nationalization of American businesses.

A. seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta.

Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries except

A. Cuba.

B. the Dominican Republic.

C. Haiti.

D. the Virgin Islands.

E. Mexico.

A. Cuba.

As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the _________, while Russia and France were among the ________.

A. Central Powers; Triple Alliance

B. Central Powers; Allies

C. Allies; Central Powers

D. Central Powers; Holy Alliance

E. Triple Alliance; Central Powers

B. Central Powers; Allies

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans

A. earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.

B. wanted to form a military alliance of neutral nations.

C. favored U.S. mediation of the conflict.

D. Supported the Central Powers.

E. favored entering the war in support of the Allies.

A. earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.

From 1914 to 1916, America's growing trade with Britain and loss of trade with Germany essentially occurred because

A. British agents sabotaged American businesses that traded with Germany.

B. the British navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes.

C. American bankers like J.P. Morgan were willing to loan money to Britain but not to Germany.

D. the British needed American goods and weapons and the Germans did not.

E. more Americans sympathized with the Britain than with Germany.

B. the British navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes.

One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it

A. opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary.

B. conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.

C. turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia.

D. virtually ended American international trade.

E. suffered severe business losses.

B. conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.

German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning

A. because international law now allowed this new style of warfare.

B. in a last-ditch effort to win the war.

C. when the United States entered the war.

D. in an effort to keep the United States out of the war.

E. in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.

E. in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.

Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines?A. Lusitania

B. Sussex

C. None of these were American ships.

D. All of these American ships were sunk.

E. Arabic

C. None of these were American ships.

In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised

A. to halt its naval blockade of Britain.

B. not to sink passenger ships.

C. to maintain the territorial integrity of France.

D. to halt all submarine warfare.

E. not to sink passenger ships without warning.

E. not to sink passenger ships without warning.

President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when

A. the Zimmerman note was intercepted and made public.

B. it appeared that the German army would take Paris.

C. Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic.

D. news was received that a revolutionary movement had overthrown the czarist regime in Russia.

E. Germany rejected Wilson's Fourteen Points for peace.

C. Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic.

The Zimmerman note involved a proposed secret agreement between

A. Britain and France.

B. Germany and Canada.

C. Russia and France.

D. Mexico and France.

E. Germany and Mexico.

E. Germany and Mexico.

President Woodrow Wilson persuaded the American people to enter World War I by

A. demonstrating how American national security would be threatened by a German victory.

B. appealing to America's tradition of intervention in Europe.

C. declaring it a crusade to "make the world safe for democracy."

D. convincing the public of the need to make the world safe from the German submarine.

E. insisting that the war would be fought primarily by the navy.

C. declaring it a crusade to "make the world safe for democracy."

Which one of the following was not among Wilson's Fourteen Points, upon which he based America's idealistic foreign policy in World War I?

A. An international guarantee of freedom of religion.

B. A new international organization to guarantee collective security.

C. Reduction of armaments

D. Abolition of secret treaties.

E. The principle of national self-determination for subject peoples

A. An international guarantee of freedom of religion.

When the United States entered World War I, it was

A. poorly prepared to leap into global war.

B. well prepared for land combat but not for naval warfare.

C. well prepared militarily but not industrially.
D. well prepared thanks to the foresight of Woodrow Wilson.

E. well prepared industrially but not militarily.

A. poorly prepared to leap into global war.

During World War I, civil liberties in America were

A. limited, but no one was actually imprisoned for his or her convictions.

B. threatened by President Wilson but protected by the courts.

C. severely damaged by the pressures of loyalty and conformity.

D. violated mostly in the western United States.

E. protected for everyone except German Americans.

C. severely damaged by the pressures of loyalty and conformity.

Although German-Americas were generally loyal citizens, during the war they were subjected to all of the following except

A. rumors that they were spying and sabotaging the U.S.

B. deportation back to Germany.

C. violent attacks such as tarring, feathering, beatings and lynchings.

D. German books were removed from libraries and German courses cancelled.

E. renaming German foods; sauerkraut became liberty cabbage.

B. deportation back to Germany.

Prosecutions under the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) can be characterized in all of the following ways except

A. 1,900 Americans were prosecuted under these laws.

B. after the war, President Harding issued pardons to many of those prosecuted, including labor leader Eugene Debs.

C. the Supreme Court ruled that they were unconstitutional violations of free speech.

D. the laws meant that any criticism of the government could be censored and punished.

E. antiwar socialists and labor leaders were visibly targeted.

C. the Supreme Court ruled that they were unconstitutional violations of free speech.

Two constitutional amendments, adopted in part because of World War I, were the Eighteenth, which dealt with _______, and the Nineteenth, whose subject was _______.

A. prohibition; an income tax

B. direct election of senators; woman suffrage

C. an income tax; direct election of senators

D. women suffrage; prohibition

E. prohibition; woman suffrage

E. prohibition; woman suffrage

The movement of tens of thousands of Southern blacks north during World War I resulted in

A. racial violence in the North.

B. All of these

C. better race relations in the South.

D. a new black middle class.

E. fewer blacks willing to be used as strikebreakers.

A. racial violence in the North.

The two groups who suffered the most from the violation of civil liberties during World War I were

A. African Americans and Latinos.

B. Catholics and atheists.

C. Irish Americans and Japanese Americans.

D. German Americans and social radicals.

E. labor unions and women's groups.

D. German Americans and social radicals.

World War I was the first time that

A. women were admitted to the armed forces.

B. None of these

C. the U.S. government employed a draft.

D. the military was desegregated.

E. African Americans served in the military.

A. women were admitted to the armed forces.

The United States' main contributions to the Allied victory in World War I included all of the following except

A.foodstuffs.

B. oil.

C. munitions.

D. battlefield victories.

E. financial credit.

D. battlefield victories.

Woodrow Wilson's ultimate goal at the Paris Peace Conference was to

A. blame no one for starting the war.

B. force Germany to pay reparations for the war.

C. establish the League of Nations.

D. destroy the Russian and Austrian empires.

E. stop the spread of communism.

C. establish the League of Nations.

In the United States, the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles was the

A. severe reparations that Germany would have to pay.

B. principle of self-determination for smaller nations in Europe and elsewhere.

C. League of Nations.

D. permanent U.S. alliance with France.

E. provision for trusteeship of former German colonies.

C. League of Nations.

The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by

A. Russian Communism's threat to American security.

B. public anger at evolutionary science's challenge to the biblical story of Creation.

C. the wartime migration of rural blacks to northern cities.

D. the public's fear that labor troubles were sparked by communist and anarchists revolutionaries.

E. urban immigrants' resistance to prohibition.

D. the public's fear that labor troubles were sparked by communist and anarchists revolutionaries.

Businesspeople used the red scare to

A. refuse to hire communists.

B. secure passage of laws making unions illegal.

C. establish closed shops throughout the nation.

D. break the backs of fledgling unions.

E.break the railroad strike of 1919.

D. break the backs of fledgling unions.

The most tenacious pursuer of radical elements during the red scare of the early 1920's was

A. F. Scott Fitzgerald.

B. A. Mitchell Palmer.

C. Frederick W. Taylor.

D. William Jennings Bryan.

E. J. Edgar Hoover.

B. A. Mitchell Palmer.

The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction against

A. new immigration laws passed in 1924.

B. race riots.

C. the nativist movements that had their origins in the 1850s.

D. the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.

E. capitalism.

D. the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.

Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result of

A. growing concern about urban overcrowding and crime.

B. increased migration of blacks to the North.

C. a desire to rid the country of the quota system.

D. the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans.

E. the desire to halt immigration from Latin America.

D. the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans.

Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest resistance from

A. immigrants and big-city residents.

B. businesspeople and labor leaders.

C. westerners and southerners.

D. women.

E. evangelical Protestants.

A. immigrants and big-city residents.

Although speakeasies and hard liquor flourished, historians argue that prohibition wasn't entirely a failure for all of the following reasons except

A. people consumed less alcohol overall.

B. crime levels decreased.

C. bank savings increased.

D. more people lived a sober lifestyle.

E. absenteeism in the workplace decreased.

B. crime levels decreased.

op gangster Al Capone was finally convicted and sent to prison for the crime of

A. conspiracy to violate the prohibition laws.

B. income tax evasion.

C. murder.

D. kidnapping.

E. running criminal prostitution rings.

B. income tax evasion.

The immediate outcome of the 1925 Scopes Trial was that

A. attorney Clarence Darrow got the charges against John Scopes dropped.

B. the jury was deadlocked and unable to reach a verdict.

C. biology teacher John Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution and fined.

D. the state of Tennessee modified its anti-evolution law.

E. the public gained a favorable view of American fundamentalists.

C. biology teacher John Scopes was found guilty of teaching evolution and fined.

The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s involved

A. developing technologically innovative products.

B. reducing the level of government involvement in business.

C. developing expanding markets of people to buy their products.

D. finding a skilled labor force.

E. increasing the level of production.

C. developing expanding markets of people to buy their products.

In response to the need to develop greater and greater mass markets for their products, America business in the 1920s relied especially on the new techniques of

A. developing a large range of product variations.

B. direct selling through catalogs and door-to-door solicitations.

C. government-backed guarantees of product performance.

D. consumer advertising.

E. price competition.

D. consumer advertising.

The prosperity that developed in the 1920s

A. enabled labor unions to gain strength.

B. was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt.

C. was concentrated primarily in heavy industry.

D. led to a growing level of savings by the American public.

E. closed the gap between rich and poor.

B. was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt.

Henry Ford's most distinctive contribution to the automobile industry was

A. production of a standardized, relatively inexpensive automobile.

B. design changes that improved speed.

C. introducing a variety of automobile models with varied colors and styles.

D. the internal combustion engine.

E. installment credit buying of cars.

A. production of a standardized, relatively inexpensive automobile.

The first talkie motion picture was

A. The Great Train Robbery.

B. The Wizard of Oz.

C. The Birth of a Nation.

D. The Jazz Singer.

E. Gone With the Wind.

D. The Jazz Singer.

Automobiles, radios, and motion pictures

A. contributed to the standardization of American life.

B. strengthened American family life.

C. were for the most part too expensive for ordinary working families.

D. were less popular than had been anticipated.

E. had little impact on traditional life-styles and values.

A. contributed to the standardization of American life.

All of the following are true of Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, except he

A. inspired strong feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks.

B. advocated the idea of developing an elite "talented tenth" to lead African American progress.

C. promoted the resettlement of American blacks in Africa.

D. sponsored black-owned business enterprises.

E. was convicted of mail fraud and deported by the U.S. government.

B. advocated the idea of developing an elite "talented tenth" to lead African American progress.

The Harlem Renaissance can best be described as

A. an effort to resist racism and segregation in the North.

B. the migration of Southern blacks to northern sections of New York City.

C. None of these

D. the movement led by Marcus Garvey.

E. a celebration of black culture and creative expression.

E. a celebration of black culture and creative expression.

Buying stock on margin meant purchasing

A. it on credit with only a small down payment.

B. inexpensive stock.

C. little-known stock.

D. risky or marginal stock.

E. only a few shares of stock.

A. it on credit with only a small down payment.

As secretary of the treasury, Andrew Mellon placed the heaviest tax burden on

A. the wealthy.

B. the estates of those deceased.

C. the working class.

D. middle-income groups.

E. the business community.

D. middle-income groups.

Warren G. Harding's weakness as president included all of the following except a(n)

A. administrative weakness.

B. lack of political experience.

C. unwillingness to hurt people's feelings by saying no.

D. inability to detect moral weaknesses in his associates.

E. mediocre mind.

B. lack of political experience.

Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding

A. aided small business at the expense of big business.

B. sought to regulate the policies of large corporations.

C. aimed at supporting increased competition in business.

D. sought to continue the same laissez-faire doctrine as had been the practice under William McKinley.

E. hoped to encourage the government to actively assist business along the path to profits.

E. hoped to encourage the government to actively assist business along the path to profits.

In the Adkins case, the Supreme Court ruled

A. federal child labor laws were unconstitutional.

B. anti-union "right to work" laws were constitutional.

C. federal maternity benefits designed for women did not constitute unequal treatment.

D. women had the right to sue for equal pay for equal work.

E. women were no longer entitled to special protection in the workplace because they now had the vote.

E. women were no longer entitled to special protection in the workplace because they now had the vote.

The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact

A. set a schedule for German payment of war reparations.

B. condemned Japan for its unprovoked attack on Manchuria.

C. established a battleship ration for the leading naval powers.

D. formally ended World War I for the United States, which had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.

E. officially outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry and conflict.

E. officially outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry and conflict.

The Fordney-McCumber and Hawley-Smoot Tariff laws had the long term effect of

A. encouraging the United States to turn more to Asia than to Europe for imports.

B. shrinking international trade and making it impossible for Europe to repay American war loans.

C. pressuring the Europeans to lower their own tariff rates in order to retain American trade.

D. lowering the prices Americans paid for domestic manufactured goods.

E. bringing American farmers out of the agricultural depression of the early 1920s.

B. shrinking international trade and making it impossible for Europe to repay American war loans.

The Teapot Dome scandal was centered around corrupt deals and bribes involving

A. veterans' hospitals.

B. European war debts.

C. naval oil reserves.

D. presidential pardons.

E. the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

C. naval oil reserves.

During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of

A. farmers and wage earners.

B. racial and ethnic minorities.

C. conservative New Englanders.

D. the business community.

E. progressive reformers.

D. the business community.

The advent of the gasoline-powered tractor in the 1920s meant that

A. productivity went up but so did debt.

B. bigger crops could be grown on smaller areas.

C. farmers did not need to plow as much land to make the same profit.

D. None of these

E. farmers would have to spend time training new hands on the equipment.

A. productivity went up but so did debt.

The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because

A. it was to caught up in internal discord.

B. the liberal vote was split between it and the Democratic party.

C. it could not win the farm vote.

D. La Follette could bot win the Socialists' endorsement.

E. too many people shared in the general prosperity of the time to care about reform.

E. too many people shared in the general prosperity of the time to care about reform.

America's major foreign policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which

A. ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention in Central America and the Caribbean.

B. established a ratio of allowable naval strength between the United States, Britain, and Japan.

C. condemned the Japanese aggression in Manchuria.

D. provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war-reparations payments.

E. aimed to prevent German re-armament.

D. provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war-reparations payments.

As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930

A. American industry grew more secure.

B. duties on agricultural products decreased.

C. American economic isolationism ended.

D. the worldwide depression deepened.

E. campaign promises to labor were fulfilled.

D. the worldwide depression deepened.

President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following except

A. providing direct aide to the people.

B. continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism.

C. lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.

D. keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system.

E. directly assisting businesses and banks.

A. providing direct aide to the people.

The term "Hoovervilles" refers to

A. industrial sections of cities where poor workers lived.

B. breadlines and soup kitchens that fed the hungry during the Great Depression.

C. shantytowns filled with shacks created by homeless people during the Great Depression.

D. cities hardest hit by the Great Depression - with the highest unemployment and poverty rates.

E. picket lines erected by the Bonus Army in their protest against Washington D.C.

C. shantytowns filled with shacks created by homeless people during the Great Depression.

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation, established by Hoover to deal with the depression, was charged with

A. providing direct economic assistance to labor.

B. outlawing yellow dog (antiunion) contracts.

C. providing money for construction of dams on the Tennessee River.

D. lending money for federal public works projects.

E. making loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments.

E. making loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments.

The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington D.C., in 1932 to demand

A. the removal of American troops from Nicaragua.

B. housing and healthcare assistance for veterans.

C. immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans.

D. an expanded American army and navy.

E. punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington D.C.

C. immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans.

President Hoover's public image was severely damaged by his

A. agreement to provide a federal dole to the unemployed.

B. refusal to do anything to try to solve the Great Depression.

C. decision to abandon the principle of rugged individualism.

D. use of harsh military force to disperse the Bonus Army from Washington.

E. construction of Hoovervilles for the homeless.

D. use of harsh military force to disperse the Bonus Army from Washington.

The phrase Hundred Days refers to the

A. "lame-duck" period between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration.

B. worst months of the Great Depression.

C. time that all banks were closed by FDR.

D. flood of legislation passed by Congress in the first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.

E. time it took for Congress to begin acting on President Roosevelt's plan for combating the Great Depression.

D. flood of legislation passed by Congress in the first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.

One striking new feature of the 1932 presidential election results was that

A. the South had shifted to the Republican party.

B. a clear gender gap opened up in which more women favored the Democrats.

C. African Americans shifted from their Republican allegiance and became a vital element in the Democratic party.

D. urban Americans finally cast more votes than rural Americans.

E. Democrats made gains in the normally Republican Midwest.

C. African Americans shifted from their Republican allegiance and became a vital element in the Democratic party.

The group that had experienced the worst suffering as a result of the Great Depression was

A. factory workers.

B. immigrants.

C. African Americans.

D. skilled men.

E. women.

C. African Americans.

The Glass-Steagall Act

A. permitted commercial banks to engage in Wall Street financial dealings.

B. created the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock exchange.

C. empowered President Roosevelt to close all banks temporarily.

D. created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.

E. took the United States off the gold standard.

D. created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.

The most immediate emergency facing Franklin Roosevelt when he became president in March 1933 was

A. the near collapse of international trade.

B. runaway inflation.

C. riots by unemployed workers and farmers unable to sell their goods.

D. the growing power of demagogues such as Huey Long and Father Coughlin.

E. the collapse of nearly the entire banking system.

E. the collapse of nearly the entire banking system.

mmediately after taking office, President Roosevelt responded to the banking crisis by

A. providing major federal loans to the largest and soundest banks.

B. establishing a new Bank of the United States to guarantee deposits.

C. closing all American banks for a week, while reorganizing them on a sounder basis.

D. restoring the gold standard to guarantee the soundness of American currency.

E. reassuring Americans that all their banking deposits were safe.

C. closing all American banks for a week, while reorganizing them on a sounder basis.

The single most popular New Deal program was probably the

A. Tennessee Valley Authority.

B. Works Progress Administration.

C. Civilian Conservation Corps.

D. National Recovery Administration.

E. Agricultural Adjustment Act.

C. Civilian Conservation Corps.

All of the following are true statements about the men who joined the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) except

A. the men were mostly young, hired to work in fresh-air camps.

B. they worked on reforestation, flood control and swamp drainage projects.

C. CCC workers helped families by sending most of their paychecks home.

D. many of the men had had criminal records.

E. there were about three million men in the program.

D. many of the men had had criminal records.

The most complex and ambitious New Deal effort to achieve recovery and reform the entire American economy was the

A. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act).

B. Public Works Administration.

C. Social Security Administration.

D. Tennessee Valley Authority.

E. National Recovery Administration.

E. National Recovery Administration.

President Roosevelt's chief "administrator of relief" and one of his closest advisors was

A. Mary McLeod Bethune.

B. None of these

C. John L. Lewis.

D. George Norris.

E. Harry Hopkins.

E. Harry Hopkins.

Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained a large national following by promising to

A. help farmers and workers organize to resist the power of corporations.

B. "share our wealth" by raising taxes on the rich and giving every family $5,000.

C. nationalize all banks and public utility companies.

D. make Jews pay for causing the Great Depression.

. provide the unemployed and elderly a $200-a-month social security payment.

B. "share our wealth" by raising taxes on the rich and giving every family $5,000.

Roosevelt supported the repeal of prohibition because

A. he needed support from the repeal movement to gain reelection.

B. he believed the problem of drunkenness could be solved by restricting alcohol content to 3.2 percent by weight.

C. drys - those who opposed alcohol - were an increasingly small segment of the population.

D. he thought that it afforded the opportunity to raise needed federal revenue and provide jobs.

E. he thought it was unconstitutional.

D. he thought that it afforded the opportunity to raise needed federal revenue and provide jobs.

The first Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raised the money that it paid to farmers not to grow crops by

A. taxing processors of farm products.

B. increasing taxes on the wealthy.

C. raising the tariff.

D. selling government surplus grain.

E. imposing a tax on the sale of farms.

A. taxing processors of farm products.

Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth Amendment ____ and the Twenty-first Amendment ____.

A. rendered most New Deal programs unconstitutional; limited a president to two complete terms in office

B. ended prohibition; shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration

C. expanded the size of the Supreme Court; ended prohibition

D. limited a president to two complete terms in office; repealed the Eighteenth Amendment

E.shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; ended prohibition

E.shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; ended prohibition

All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s except

A. dry-farming techniques.

B. drought.

C. the cultivation of marginal farmlands on the Great Plains.

D. soil erosion.

E. farmers' failure to use steam tractors and other modern equipment.

E. farmers' failure to use steam tractors and other modern equipment.

In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration to

A. place unemployed industrial workers in areas where their labor was needed.

B. find jobs for farmers in industry.

C. help farmers migrate from Oklahoma to California.

D. move Indians from land that could be farmed by victims of the Dust Bowl.

E. help farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl move to better land.

E. help farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl move to better land.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) proposed to solve the farm problem by

A. creating farm cooperatives.

B. subsidizing American farm exports overseas.

C. encouraging farmers to switch to industrial employment.

D. helping farmers to pay their mortgages.

E. reducing agricultural production.

E. reducing agricultural production.

The fate of most of the Okies and other Dust Bowl migrants who headed west to California was that they

A. still struggled for food, shelter, and work in the San Joaquin Valley.

B. acquired farms in the San Joaquin Valley.

C. found steady work in the canning industry.

D. formed mutually supportive evangelical religious communes.

E. became caught up in radical labor movements.

A. still struggled for food, shelter, and work in the San Joaquin Valley.

The Federal Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Commission aimed to

A. halt the sale of stocks on margin (i.e. with borrowed funds).

B. prevent interlocking directorates and business pyramiding schemes.

C. force stockbrokers to register with the federal government.

D. provide full disclosure of information and prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices.

E. enable the Chicago Board of Trade to compete with the New York Stock Exchange.

D. provide full disclosure of information and prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices.

The most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority was its effort to

A. provide cheap electrical power in competition with private industry.

B. build housing for poor and middle-class citizens in the region.

C. resettle poor farmers on more productive land.

D. control floods in the Tennessee and Cumberland valleys.

E. prevent soil erosion throughout the region.

A. provide cheap electrical power in competition with private industry.

The Social Security Act of 1935 provided all of the following except

A. unemployment insurance.

B. old-age pensions.

C. support for the blind and physically handicapped.

D. health care for the poor.

E. economic provisions for the blind and disabled.

D. health care for the poor.

The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a trailblazing law that

A. authorized the Public Works Administration (PWA).

B. established the NRA.

C. guaranteed housing loans to workers.

D. gave labor the right to bargain collectively.

E. established the Social Security system.

D. gave labor the right to bargain collectively.

President Roosevelt's Court-packing scheme in 1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme Court

A. more conservative.

B. more independent of Congress.

C. more respectful of the Constitution's original intent.

D. less burdened with appellate cases.

E. more sympathetic to New Deal programs.

E. more sympathetic to New Deal programs.

As a result of the 1937 Roosevelt recession

A. Social Security taxes were reduced.

B. Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics.

C. Roosevelt backed away from further economic experiments.

D. much of the early New Deal was repealed.

E. Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1938.

B. Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics.

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal was most notable for

A. attacking the American capitalist system.

B. aiding big cities at the expense of farmers.

C. ending the Great Depression.

D. providing moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism.

E. undermining state and local governments.

D. providing moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism.

Franklin Roosevelt's ____ contributed the most to his development of compassion and strength of will.

A. education

B. family ties with Teddy Roosevelt

C. affliction with infantile paralysis

D. service in World War I

E. domestic conflicts with Eleanor Roosevelt

C. affliction with infantile paralysis

During the 1930's

A. business people eventually came to admire President Roosevelt's New Deal programs.

B. the Great Depression forced President Roosevelt to trim the size of the federal bureaucracy.

C. the New Deal substantially closed the gap between production and consumption in the American economy.

D. the national debt doubled.

E. the states regained influence over the economy.

D. the national debt doubled.

After President Roosevelt's failed attempt to pack the Supreme Court

A. much New Deal legislation was ruled unconstitutional.

B. Congress permanently set the number of justices at nine.

C. the Court began to rule that New Deal programs were constitutional.

D. Roosevelt was unable to make any changes in the Court.

E. the Democrats lost the next election in 1940.

C. the Court began to rule that New Deal programs were constitutional.

The National Labor Relations Act proved most beneficial to

A. trade associations.

B. employers.

C. skilled workers.

D. unskilled workers.

E. the unemployed.

D. unskilled workers.

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted to

A. encourage Native Americans to give up their land claims.

B. reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society by establishing tribal self-government.

C. define clearly which tribes were federally recognized.

D. pressure Native Americans to renounce self-government.

E. reinforce the Dawes Act of 1887.

B. reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society by establishing tribal self-government.

Eleanor Roosevelt had honed her own skills and developed a personal network of reform activists through

A. sitting in on Franklin Roosevelt's cabinet meetings when he was governor of New York.

B. her personal association with women's colleges and sororities.

C. her experience in settlement houses and women's reform organizations.

D. her long resistance to Franklin Roosevelt's personal infidelities.

E. running for local offices in New York state.

C. her experience in settlement houses and women's reform organizations.

In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression by

A. returning to the traditional policies of laissez-faire capitalism.

B. mobilizing America's youth as in wartime.

C. experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.

D. continuing the policies already undertaken by President Hoover.

E. nationalizing all banks and major industries.

C. experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.

When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933

A. he received unprecedented congressional support.

B. he at first proceeded cautiously.

C. he wanted to make as few mistakes as possible.

D. he knew exactly what he wanted to do.

E. Congress refused to grant him legislative authority.

A. he received unprecedented congressional support.

Franklin Roosevelt took America off the gold standard and adopted a managed currency policy designed to

A. stimulate inflation.

B. reduce the price of gold.

C. restore confidence in banks.

D. shake up the Federal Reserve Board.

E. reduce the amount of money in circulation.

A. stimulate inflation.

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) failed largely because

A. Harold Ickes, the head of the agency, proved to be an incompetent administrator.

B. it did not provide enough protection for labor to bargain with management.

C. the agency did not have enough power to control business.

D. businesses resisted regulation by the agency.

E. it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public.

E. it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public.

By 1938, the New Deal

A. had lost most of its momentum.

B. had won over a majority of business people to its policies.

C. had plainly failed to achieve its objectives.

D. turned more toward direct relief than social reform.

E. was prepared to embark on ambitious new initiatives.

A. had lost most of its momentum.

The federally-owned Tennessee Valley Authority was seen as a particular threat to

A. the entire capitalist system.

B. white southern racial practices.

C. the automobile industry.

D. the private electrical utility industry.

E. the Republican party.

D. the private electrical utility industry.

Prominent female social scientists of the 1930s, like Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead, brought widespread contributions to the field of

A.sociology.

B. anthropology.

C. economics.

D. psychology.

E. political science.

B. anthropology.

Probably the most radical New Deal program that provoked widespread charges of creeping socialism was the

A. Social Security Act.

B. Agricultural Adjustment Act.

C. Federal Housing Administration.

D. Indian Reorganization Act.

E. Tennessee Valley Authority.

E. Tennessee Valley Authority.

While Franklin Roosevelt waited to assume the presidency in early 1933, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to commit to

A. a policy of not offering direct welfare to the unemployed.

B. an anti-inflationary policy that would have made much of the New Deal impossible.

C. appointing some Republicans to his cabinet.

D. renewal of the extremely high Hawley-Smoot Tariff.

E. maintaining a balanced federal budget.

B. an anti-inflationary policy that would have made much of the New Deal impossible.

Franklin Roosevelt undermined the London Economic Conference because

A. its members insisted on rigid adherence to the gold standard.

B. the delegates refused to work on reviving international trade.

C. such an agreement would involve the United States militarily with the League of Nations.

D. it was dominated by British and Swiss bankers.

E. any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America's recovery from depression.

E. any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America's recovery from depression.

The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred by the belief that

A. scientists like Albert Einstein might be lost to the war effort.

B. the Germans might acquire such a weapon first.

C. the Japanese were at work on an atomic bomb project of their own.

D. the American public would not tolerate the casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan.

E. a nuclear weapon was the only way to win the war.

B. the Germans might acquire such a weapon first.

The Potsdam conference

A. determined the fate of Eastern Europe.

B. concluded that the Soviet Union would enter the war in the Pacific.

C. was Franklin Roosevelt's last meeting with Churchill and Stalin.

D. issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed.

E. brought France and China in as part of the Big Five.

D. issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed.

The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of

A. Midway.

B. the Coral Sea.

C. Bataan and Corregidor.

D. Leyte Gulf.

E. Guadalcanal.

A. Midway.

One of the most valuable contributions of Native Americans to the war effort was

A.None of these

B. as code talkers who transmitted war messages into their native languages.

C. as arms experts who consulted with generals and military planners.

D. as farmers who helped expand crop output for soldiers on the front.

E. as nurses and cooks on military bases.

B. as code talkers who transmitted war messages into their native languages.

African Americans did all of the following during World War II except

A. form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality.

B. move north and west in large numbers.

C. serve in the Army Air Corps.

D. rally behind the slogan "Double V" (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home).

E. fight in integrated combat units.

E. fight in integrated combat units.

The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to

A. the establishment of day-care centers by the government.

B. a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the world.

C. a reduction in employment for black males.

D. a strong desire of most women to work for wages.

E. equal pay for men and women.

A. the establishment of day-care centers by the government.

While most American workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the

A. Longshoremen's International Union.

B. United Mine Workers.

C. Teamsters.

D. Industrial Workers of the World.

E. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

B. United Mine Workers.

During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic ____ in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.

A. fuels

B. rubber

C. textiles

D. tin

E. plastics

B. rubber

Despite the demands of the wartime economy, inflation was kept well in check during the war by

A. permitting large numbers of illegal migrants to enter the work force.

B. sharply constricting the flow of credit from the Federal Reserve Board.

C. directing production to whatever goods were in most demand.

D. prosecuting war profiteers and black marketers who tried to earn windfall profits.

E. federally imposed wage and price controls.

E. federally imposed wage and price controls.

The impact of World War II on many of the New Deal programs launched during the Great Depression was that they

A. None of these

B. became an established fixture of U.S. government programs.

C. were retired due to wartime production.

D. provided much-needed jobs for the poor.

E. were expanded to gear up for wartime production.

C. were retired due to wartime production.

All of the following are true statements about the effect of Executive Order No. 9066 on Japanese living in the U.S. except

A. they were victims of anti-Japanese prejudice.

B. The U.S. government officially apologized four decades later and gave each camp survivor $20,000.

C. The U.S. Supreme Court declared the Japanese relocation unconstitutional.

D. they were put in internment camps.

E. they lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property and lost wages.

C. The U.S. Supreme Court declared the Japanese relocation unconstitutional.

The fundamental strategic decision of World War II made by President Roosevelt and the British at the very beginning of the war was to

A. plan for a second front in Western Europe as soon as possible.

B. force Italy out of the war first by attacking the soft underbelly of Europe.

C. fight an equally vigorous naval war against Japan and a land war against Germany and Italy.

D. concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war against Japan on the back burner.

E. arouse the American people to an idealistic crusade of the same sort that Woodrow Wilson had so effectively used in World War I.

D. concentrate first on the war in Europe and to place the Pacific war against Japan on the back burner.

Those opposed to the Lend-Lease program, such as members of Massachusetts' Woman's Political Club, feared that

A. the lending countries would default on their debt.

B. it would eventually draw the nation into the war itself.

C. All of these

D. it was in violation of America's strict neutrality.

E. None of these

B. it would eventually draw the nation into the war itself.

Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by his

A. personal desire to defeat his old political rival, Wendell Willkie.

B. mania for power.

C. belief that the two-term tradition limited democratic choice.

D. belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis.

E. opposition to Willkie's pledge to restore a strict policy of American neutrality.

D. belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis.

Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union

A. Britain and France signed a similar agreement.

B. Italy signed a similar agreement with the Soviets.

C. Germany invaded Poland and started World War II.

D. the Germans invaded Finland.

E. the Soviets attacked China.

C. Germany invaded Poland and started World War II.

In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the United States was motivated by

A. doubts about the islands' potential profitability.

B. regrets over their imperialistic takeover in 1898.

C. the realization that the islands were economic liabilities.

D. the view that the islands were militarily indefensible.

E. treaty obligations.

C. the realization that the islands were economic liabilities.

In September 1938 in Munich, Germany,

A. Britain and France consented to Germany's taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

B. Britain and France declared that an invasion of Poland would mean war.

C. Hitler declared his intention to take Austria.

D. Britain and France acquiesced to the German reoccupation of the Rhineland.

E. Hitler signed the Axis Alliance Treaty with Japan.

A. Britain and France consented to Germany's taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

Franklin Roosevelt's sensational Quarantine Speech in 1937 resulted in

A. a modification of the Neutrality Acts.

B. a wave of protest by isolationists.

C. a slowing of Japanese aggression in China.

D. a belief in Europe that America would stop fascist aggression.

E. support from both Democratic and Republican leaders.

B. a wave of protest by isolationists.

The 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

A. inhibited President Roosevelt's efforts to implement his Good Neighbor policy.

B. raised America's tariff schedule.

C. increased America's foreign trade.

D. was aimed at isolating Italy and Germany.

E. was most strongly opposed in the South and West.

C. increased America's foreign trade.

As part of his Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America, President Roosevelt developed more generous policies of

A. supporting Latin American strongmen in Argentina and Brazil.

B. moving Puerto Rico toward its independence.

C. encouraging Mexican immigration into the United States

D. removing American controls on Haiti, Cuba, and Panama.

E. returning the Guantanamo naval base to Cuban control.

D. removing American controls on Haiti, Cuba, and Panama.

Roosevelt's recognition of the Soviet Union was undertaken partly

A. to open opportunities for American investment in Siberian oil fields.

B. because the Soviet leadership seemed to be modifying its harsher communist policies.

C. to win favor with American liberals and leftists.

D. in order to win support from American Catholics.

E. in hope of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany.

E. in hope of developing a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany.

As a result of Franklin Roosevelt's withdrawal from the London Economic Conference

A. the United States began to pull out of the Depression.

B. the United States was voted out of the League of Nations.

C. the trend toward extreme nationalism was strengthened.

D. tensions rose between the United States and Britain.

E. inflation in the United States was reduced.

C. the trend toward extreme nationalism was strengthened.

Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II

A. cast their vote for Republican candidates opposed to the war.

B. were not allowed to serve in the military.

C. served in ethnically distinct military units.

D. had their patriotism questioned as in World War I.

E. were further assimilated into American society.

E. were further assimilated into American society.

Throughout most of the 1930s, the American people responded to the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan by

A. beginning to build up their military forces.

B. retreating further into isolationism.

C. giving only economic help to the targets of aggression.

D. demanding an oil embargo on all warring nations.

E. assisting their victims with military aid.

B. retreating further into isolationism.

Efforts to bring large numbers of Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany to the United States were largely blocked by

A. restrictive immigration laws and opposition from southern Democrats and the State Department.

B. the inability to find sufficient passenger ships to bring refugees across the Atlantic to the United States.

C. pro-Nazi and anti-Semitic organizations within the United States.

D. Zionist organizations that wanted to steer Jewish immigration to Israel, not the United States.

E. internal tensions between German-Jewish and eastern European Jewish communities in the United States.

A. restrictive immigration laws and opposition from southern Democrats and the State Department.

During the 1930s, the United States admitted _________ Jewish refugees from Nazism.

A. about one million

B. nearly six million

C. almost no

D. about 150,000

E. only a handful of highly educated

D. about 150,000

Congress's first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940 was to

A. call for the quarantining of aggressor nations.

B. enact a new neutrality law enabling the Allies to buy American war materials on a cash-and-carry basis.

C. pass a conscription law.

D. revoke all the neutrality laws.

E. expand naval patrols in the Atlantic.

C. pass a conscription law.

In 1940, in exchange for American destroyers, the British gave the United States

A. access to German military codes.

B. eight valuable naval bases in the Western hemisphere.

C. "most favored nation" status.

D. six airbases in Scotland and Iceland.

E. a role in developing the atomic bomb.

B. eight valuable naval bases in the Western hemisphere.

By 1940, a strong majority of American public opinion had come to favor

A. active participation in the war.

B. shipping Britain everything except military weapons.

C. the America First position.

D. providing Britain "all aid short of war."

E. permitting U.S. volunteers to fight in Britain.

D. providing Britain "all aid short of war."

The surprise Republican presidential nominee in 1940 was

A. Alfred E. Landon

B. Wendell L. Wilkie

C. Thomas E. Dewey

D. Robert A. Taft

E. Charles A. Lindberg

B. Wendell L. Wilkie

When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United States

A. sent U.S. ships to Soviet naval bases.

B. gave only nonmilitary aid to Russia.

C. made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.

D. refused to provide any help, either military or economic.

E. promised aid to the Soviets but did not deliver.

C. made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.

By 1941, Japan believed that it had no alternative to war with the United States because Franklin Roosevelt absolutely insisted that Japan

A. break its treaty of nonaggression with Germany.

B. stop attempting to become a dominant Pacific naval power.

C. renew its trade with America.

D. withdraw from the Dutch East Indies.

E. withdraw from China.

E. withdraw from China.

Once at war, America's first great challenge was to

A. extend aid to the Soviet Union.

B. pass a conscription law.

C. raise an army and navy.

D. develop atomic weapons.

E. retool its industry for all-out war production.

E. retool its industry for all-out war production.

Historians look to the fact that many women wanted to keep working and did after the war as

A. fueling the rise of home-buying across America.

B. foreshadowing the eventual revolution in women's roles in America.

C. None of these

D. facilitating the increasing divorce rate.

E. helping to expand the nation's economy.

B. foreshadowing the eventual revolution in women's roles in America.

Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II

A. All of these

B. as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear.

C. because many were loyal to Japan.

D. in retaliation for the placement of Americans in concentration camps by the Japanese.

E. due to numerous acts of sabotage.

B. as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear.

The first naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of

A. The Java Sea.

B. Leyte Gulf.

C. the Coral Sea.

D. Midway.

E. Iwo Jima.

C. the Coral Sea.

In waging war against Japan, the United States relied mainly on a strategy of

A. invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia.

B. turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska.

C. fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan hump.

D. island hopping across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.

E. heavy bombing from Chinese air bases.

D. island hopping across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.

The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 because

A. the British were fearful of becoming bogged down in a ground war in France.

B. men and material were needed more urgently in the Pacific.

C. the wanted to wait until Germany and the Soviet Union had badly bloodied each other.

D. they believed that North Africa was more strategically vital.

E. the Soviet Union requested a delay until they could coordinate attacks on the eastern and western fronts.

A. the British were fearful of becoming bogged down in a ground war in France.

Hitler's advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of ________, after which his fortunes gradually declined.

A. Britain

B. the Bulge

C. Stalingrad

D. Monte Cassino

E. El Alamein

C. Stalingrad

Until Spring 1943, perhaps Hitler's greatest opportunities of defeating Britain and winning the war was

A. was that German U-boats would destroy Allied shipping.

B. that the American-British-Soviet alliance would collapse.

C. the possibility of a successful invasion across the English Channel.

D. the defeatism of pro-fascist elements within upper-class British society.

E. that General Rommel would conquer Egypt and the Suez Canal.

A. was that German U-boats would destroy Allied shipping.

The American conquest of _______ in 1944 was especially critical, because from there, U.S. aircraft could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.

A. New Guinea

B.Guadalcanal

C. Guam

D. Okinawa

E. Wake Island

C. Guam

Roosevelt's and Churchill's insistence on the absolute and "unconditional surrender" of Germany

A. guaranteed that Germany would have to be totally reconstructed after the war.

B. encouraged anti-Hitler resisters in Germany to try to overthrow the Nazis.

C. was largely unacceptable to the Soviets, who hoped to encourage a communist revolution inside Germany.

D. clearly shortened the war.

E. may have prevented a "separate peace" between Hitler and Stalin.

A. guaranteed that Germany would have to be totally reconstructed after the war.

When the United States entered World War II in December 1941

A. the conflict soon became an idealistic crusade for democracy.

B. it took nearly two years for the country to unite.

C. a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about.

D. the government repudiated the Atlantic Charter.

E. the idea of allying with the Communist Soviet Union was repugnant.

C. a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about.

About half of the women war workers said that the main reason they left the labor force at the end of World War II was

A. government requirements to hire veterans.

B. family obligations.

C. employer demands that they quit.

D. male discrimination on the job.

E. union demands.

B. family obligations.

During World War II, most Americans economically experienced

A. growing class conflict between the wealthy and the working class.

B. serious hardships due to rationing of essential goods.

C. a continuing struggle to find employment.

D. prosperity and a doubling of personal income.

E. prosperity in the cities but disastrous conditions on farms and in small towns.

D. prosperity and a doubling of personal income.

During World War II, American Indians

A. demanded that President Roosevelt end discrimination in defense industries.

B. rarely enlisted in the armed forces.

C. moved off reservations in large numbers.

D. promoted recovery of tribal languages.

E. moved south to replace African American laborers.

C. moved off reservations in large numbers.

The northward migration of African Americans accelerated after World War II because

A. mechanical cotton pickers came into use.

B. the southern system of sharecropping was declared illegal.

C. northern cities had repealed segregation laws.

D. the South made it clear that they were not wanted.

E. Latinos had replaced blacks in the workforce.

A. mechanical cotton pickers came into use.

The national debt increased most during

A. Herbert Hoover's administration.

B. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.

C. the 1920s.

D. World War I.

E. World War II.

E. World War II.

President Roosevelt's promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by the end of 1942

A. represented the key goal to which all early American military efforts were directed.

B. was fulfilled by the invasion of North Africa.

C. was strongly supported by Churchill and British military leaders.

D. proved utterly impossible to keep.

E. was made to deceive Stalin and encourage him to slow his army's movement into Eastern Europe.

D. proved utterly impossible to keep.

After the Italian surrender in August 1943, the

A. British demanded the restoration of the monarchy in Italy.

B. Americans withdrew from Italy to prepare for D-Day.

C. German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance.

D. Allies found it easy to conquer Rome and the rest of Italy.

E. Soviets accepted the wisdom of delaying the invasion of France and pursuing the second front in Italy.

C. German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance.

The real impact of the Italian front on World War II may have been that it

A. delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe.

B. enabled the United States to prevent Austria and Greece from falling into Soviet hands.

C. prevented the rise of fascism or communism in Italy after the war.

D. enabled the Americans to appease both British and Soviet strategic demands.

E. destroyed the monastery of Monte Cassino and other Italian artistic treasures.

A. delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe.

At the wartime Teheran Conference

A. plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.

B. the Big Three allies agreed to divide postwar Germany into separate occupied zones.

C. the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European nations that its armies occupied at the end of the war.

D. the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan within three months.

E. it was agreed that the five Big Powers would have veto power

A. plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.

The cross channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in Europe was commanded by

A. Douglas MacArthur.

B. Dwight Eisenhower.

C. George Patton.

D. Bernard Montgomery.

E. Omar Bradley.

B. Dwight Eisenhower.

The most significant development in the Democratic convention of 1944 was that

A. there was growing resistance to Roosevelt's pursuit of a fourth term.

B. the issue of civil rights came to the fore as the dominant concern of the party.

C. Roosevelt's appearance at the convention revealed how physically frail he was

D. Roosevelt's third-term vice president, Henry Wallace, was dumped in favor of Senator Harry Truman.

E. party leaders developed a campaign that downplayed the New Deal's success.

D. Roosevelt's third-term vice president, Henry Wallace, was dumped in favor of Senator Harry Truman.

Hitler's last-ditch attempt to achieve a victory against the Americans and the British came in

A. the Battle of the Bulge.

B. the final U-boat campaign against the American navy.

C. the Battle of the Rhineland.

D. the attempt to assassinate Churchill and Roosevelt.

E. an attempt to arrange a negotiated peace with Stalin.

A. the Battle of the Bulge.

As result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf

A. Japan stalled an Allied victory.

B. Japan was nearly able to take Australia.

C. the United States could bomb Japan from land bases.

D. Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey lost his first naval engagement.

E. Japan was finished as a naval power.

E. Japan was finished as a naval power.

The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was finally modified by

A. permitting the Japanese to retain a strong army but no real navy.

B. agreeing not to drop more than two atomic bombs on Japan.

C. agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne.

D. assuring the Japanese that there would be no war crimes trials.

E. guaranteeing that defeated Japan would be treated decently by American occupiers.

C. agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne.

Which of the following was not among the qualities of the American participation in World War II?

A. The preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from the air.

B. The maintenance and reaffirmation of the strength of American democracy.

C. A higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation.

D. An enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies.

E. A group of highly effective military and political leaders.

C. A higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation.

Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through

A. borrowing.

B. excise taxes on luxury goods.

C. tariff collections.

D. raising income taxes.

E. voluntary contributions.

A. borrowing.

Many Americans feared that the end of World War II would bring

A. heightened racial tensions.

B. moral and religious decline.

C. a new war with the Soviet Union.

D. a return of the Great Depression.

E. continued fascist resistance in Germany.

D. a return of the Great Depression.

The Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by

A. outlawing strikes by public employees.

B. banning labor's political action committees.

C. forbidding union organizers to enter workplaces.

D. outlawing closed (all-union) shops.

E. creating a serious inflationary spiral.

D. outlawing closed (all-union) shops.

The passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated by

A. fear of veterans' postwar protests.

B. memories of the mistreatment of the veterans' Bonus Army in the 1930s.

C. fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans.

D. the need of American business for a more highly educated workforce.

E. a desire to expand the social diversity of American colleges and universities.

C. fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans.

One striking consequence of the postwar economic boom was

A. the continued exclusion of most women from the workplace.

B. the growth of blue-collar employment.

C. the growing split between urban and rural America.

D. the growing concentration of wealth at the top of society.

E. the vast expansion of the home-owning middle class.

E. the vast expansion of the home-owning middle class.

Since 1945, population in the United States has grown most rapidly in the

A. Pacific Northwest.

B. Frostbelt.

C. Sunbelt.

D. Midwest.

E. Northeast.

C. Sunbelt.

The refusal of the Federal Housing Authority to grant home loans to black Americans contributed to

A. a decline in black migration to the cities.

B. All of these

C. driving many blacks into public housing.

D. the development of exclusively black suburbs.

E. the growth of savings and loan institutions exclusively for blacks.

C. driving many blacks into public housing.

Children of the baby boom

A. None of these

B. became the foundation of the youth movements of the 1960s and 1970s.

C. grew into teenagers who spend $20 billion a year on clothes and music.

D. comprised a lucrative market for prepared baby food and other infant products.

E. All of these

E. All of these

In early 1945, the United States was extremely eager to secure the Soviet Union's participation in the projected invasion of Japan because

A. Roosevelt did not want Stalin to become aware of the atomic bomb secret.

B. American casualties were expected to be high if only Americans were involved.

C. the Soviets would become so engaged in East Asia that they would not expand further into central Europe.

D. without Soviet help, the Japanese could not be defeated.

E. Roosevelt believed that Stalin's involvement in Japan could help to control the communists in China.

B. American casualties were expected to be high if only Americans were involved.

The crucial origins of the Cold War lay in a fundamental disagreement between the United States and Soviet Union over postwar arrangements in

A. East Asia.

B. the Middle East.

C. Eastern Europe.

D. North Africa.

E. the Third World.

C. Eastern Europe.

Which of the following was not among the early successes of the United Nations?

A. Creating the new state of Israel

B. Preventing warfare over Kashmir and Iran

C. Stopping the spread of atomic weapons

D. Guiding former European colonies to independence

E. Enhancing global health, food production, and cultural development

C. Stopping the spread of atomic weapons

When the Soviet Union denied the United States, Britain, and France access to Berlin in 1948, President Truman responded by

A. organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin.

B. sending an armed convoy to Berlin.

C. declaring that an iron curtain had descended across Central Europe.

D. denying the Soviets access to West Germany.

E. asking the United Nations to intervene.

A. organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin.

The fundamental idea of the containment doctrine, embraced by President Truman, was

A. the West and the Soviet Union should seek to contain the spread of nuclear weapons.

B. Soviet expansion should be blocked by firm but not aggressive military and diplomatic strength.

C. the Soviet Union should be gradually forced to give up its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.

D. the Soviet Union should be prevented from trading with nations in Africa and Asia.

E. military competition between the West and the Soviets should be replaced by economic competition.

B. Soviet expansion should be blocked by firm but not aggressive military and diplomatic strength.

Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States pledged to

A. support those who were resisting subjugation by communists.

B. give very limited assistance to nations fighting communism.

C. refrain from polarizing the world into pro-Soviet and pro-American camps.

D. maintain prosperity in America after World War II.

E. work to liberate the captive nations of Eastern Europe.

A. support those who were resisting subjugation by communists.

President Truman's Marshall Plan called for

A. military supplies for Britain and France.

B. an alliance to contain the Soviet Union.

C. foreign aid for Third World countries to resist communism.

D. substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe.

E. economic aid for Japan.

D. substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe.

The United States' participation in NATO

A. helped to resolve the problem of Germany.

B. reduced the need for increased military spending.

C. reaffirmed America's long-standing commitment to the defense of Western Europe.

D. All of these

E. marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism.

E. marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism.

Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek ) and the Nationalist government lost the Chinese civil war to the Communist and Mao Ze-dong mainly because

A. communists within the Truman administration undermined Jiang's efforts.

B. the United States failed to give Jiang enough aid.

C. Mao received much assistance from the Soviet Union.

D. Jiang lost the support and the confidence of the Chinese people.

E. the communists were closer to traditional Chinese culture.

D. Jiang lost the support and the confidence of the Chinese people.

Republicans used the communist victory in the Chinese civil war to claim that

A. the United States should force a showdown with China over Korea.

B. pro-Communist elements in the Truman administration had prevented Chiang Kai-shek from winning.

C. East Asia should be given a lesser priority in American policy than Europe.

D. Japan should be given access to nuclear weapons as soon as possible.

E. China now posed a greater threat to the United States than the Soviet Union.

B. pro-Communist elements in the Truman administration had prevented Chiang Kai-shek from winning.

In an effort to detect communists within the federal government, President Harry Truman established the

A. McCarran Internal Security Act.

B. Committee on Un-American Activities.

C. Smith Act.

D. Central Intelligence Agency.

E. Loyalty Review Board.

E. Loyalty Review Board.

President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur from command of United Nations troops in Korea when

A. the Chinese entered the Korean War after MacArthur said they would not.

B. MacArthur began to mock Truman for having been only a captain in the army.

C. MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel and entered North Korea.

D. MacArthur began to openly criticize Truman's orders on military policy.

E. MacArthur continued to lose crucial battles.

D. MacArthur began to openly criticize Truman's orders on military policy.

By the end of the 1948 presidential campaign, almost everyone expected Governor Thomas Dewey to win because

A. Dewey was such a charming and charismatic candidate.

B. Truman had run a listless and defensive campaign.

C. the Republicans had finally united their northeastern internationalist and midwestern isolationist wings.

C. the Republicans had developed a stronger and more progressive domestic platform.

E. President Truman seemed unpopular and the Democrats had split three ways.

E. President Truman seemed unpopular and the Democrats had split three ways.

Which of the following was not true of the changing nature of work in the 1950's?

A. Science and technology drove economic growth.

B. Job opportunities were opening to women in the white collar work force.

C. White collar workers were surpassing blue collar workers in numbers.

D. There were fewer jobs in the military-related aerospace industry.

E. Labor unions reached a peak and then began to decline.

D. There were fewer jobs in the military-related aerospace industry.

After World War II ended, most American women

A. held part-time jobs in relatively poorly paid occupations.

B. pressed for full equality in the workplace.

C. worked full time outside the home.

D. pursued college education or formal job training.

E. cared for their families and did not work outside the home.

E. cared for their families and did not work outside the home.

The impact of mass media on religion was reflected in the rise of religious televangelists like

A. Betty Friedan and Josephine Baker

B. Billy Graham and Oral Roberts

C. Joseph McCarthy and Richard Nixon

D. Jackie Robinson and Paul Robeson

E. David Riesman and John Kenneth Galbraith

B. Billy Graham and Oral Roberts

Which of these were NOT among the aspects of 1950's popular culture that conservatives found troubling?

A. Playboy magazine

B. Novels such as The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit

C. Marilyn Monroe

D. Elvis Presley

E. Rock 'n roll music

B. Novels such as The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit

In an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws and the segregated system that they had created, African Americans used all of the following methods except

A. economic boycotts.

B. appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice.

C. mobilization of black churches on behalf of black rights.

D. use of the nonviolent tactics of Mohandas Gandhi.

E. legal attacks on the underpinnings of segregation in the courts.

B. appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice.

In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court

A. rejected desegregation.

B. declared that the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional.

C. upheld its earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.

D. ordered immediate and total integration of all American schools.

E. supported the "Declaration of Constitutional Principles" issued by Congress.

B. declared that the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional.

On the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower

A. vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

B. had advised against integrating the armed forces.

C. admired the Christian philosophy of Martin Luther King.

D. publicly endorsed the 1954 Supreme Court school-desegregation decision.

E. had demanded the integration of the armed forces as early as 1948.

B. had advised against integrating the armed forces.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an outgrowth of the

A. black power movement of the 1960s.

B. sit-in movement launched by young southern blacks.

C. anti-war movement of the 1960s.

D. ban-the-bomb movement of the 1950s.

E. Civil Rights Act of 1957.

B. sit-in movement launched by young southern blacks.

The Eisenhower-promoted public works project that was far larger and more expensive than anything in Roosevelt's New Deal was the

A. St. Lawrence seaway.

B. airport construction program.

C. public housing system.

D. interstate highway system.

E. Grand Coulee dam project.

D. interstate highway system.

As the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu was about to fall to Ho Chi Minh's communist forces in 1954, President Eisenhower

A. threatened nuclear attack on the Vietnamese communists.

B. agreed to send small military units to aid the French.

C. relied on the advice of Vice President Nixon and Secretary of State Dulles.

D. refused to permit any American military involvement.

E. sought a compromise settlement at Geneva.

D. refused to permit any American military involvement.

The factor that may have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was

A. his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon.

B. President Eisenhower's heavy loss of popularity in his last two years in office.

C. his age.

D. his religion.

E. his family.

A. his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon.

The Beat Generation can be described in all the following ways except

A. their name came from the term "beatnik," meant as a Cold War insult.

B. in founding their own movement, the hippies later rejected many of the Beat notions.

C. they embraced sexual liberation.

D. they formed the protest culture of the late 1950s and early 1960s.

E. they promoted interest in bebop jazz and Eastern religious mysticism.

B. in founding their own movement, the hippies later rejected many of the Beat notions.

Two postwar American fiction writers, who explored the problems and anxieties of affluence, were

A. Eudora Welty and Flannery O'Connor

B. Joseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut

C. John Updike and John Cheever

D. Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller

E. Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin

C. John Updike and John Cheever

In response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957

A. the United States spent nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement.

B. the federal government began spending billions of dollars to improve American science and mathematics education.

C. the Republican party took responsibility for the fact that the United States had fallen behind the Soviets in this area of scientific discovery.

D. Harry Truman condemned the Republicans for allowing a scientific gap to occur.

E. scientists blamed America's slowness on poor math and science education in the schools.

B. the federal government began spending billions of dollars to improve American science and mathematics education.

The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of __________ that wanted help help to resist communist aggression.

A. the Middle East

B. Southeast Asia

C. Latin America

D. Central and Eastern Europe

E. Africa

A. the Middle East

The Suez crisis marked the last time in history that the United States could

A. criticize Israel's foreign policy.

B. condemn its allies for their actions in the Middle East.

C. invoke the Eisenhower Doctrine.

D. use the threat of nuclear war to win concessions.

E. use its oil weapon to make foreign policy demands.

E. use its oil weapon to make foreign policy demands.

During the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency engineered pro-American political coups in both

A. Iran and Guatemala

B. Libya and Costa Rica

C. Egypt and Cuba

D. Lebanon and El Salvador

E. Iraq and Nicaragua

A. Iran and Guatemala

In 1956, the United States condemned ___________ as the aggressors in the Suez Canal crisis.

A. Israel and Turkey

B. Lebanon and Syria

C. the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact members

D. Britain and France

E. Egypt and Jordan

D. Britain and France

In 1956, when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the United States under Dwight Eisenhower

A. refused to admit any Hungarian refugees.

B. did nothing to help defeat the communists.

C. gave only outdated military equipment to the Hungarian freedom fighters.

D. sent money to the rebels.

E. quickly recognized the new Hungarian government.

B. did nothing to help defeat the communists.

During his presidency, Dwight Eisenhower accepted the principle and extended the benefits of

A. racial equality.

B. the Social Security system.

C. the Tennessee Valley Authority.

D. deficit spending.

E. federal health care programs.

B. the Social Security system.

Before he became vice president and then president of the United States, Lyndon Johnson had exercised great power as

A. a wealthy Texas businessman.

B. Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.

C. secretary of defense.

D. Speaker of the House of Representatives.

E. governor of Texas.

B. Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.

President Johnson proved to be much more successful than President Kennedy at

A. gaining the admiration and support of the media.

B. reducing America's overseas commitments.

C. exciting the ideals and spirit of his fellow citizens.

D. appealing to America's European allies.

E. getting his legislation passed by Congress.

E. getting his legislation passed by Congress.

President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals the

A. Johnson Revolution.

B. Great Society.

C. New Frontier.

D. Fair Deal.

E. Great Crusade.

B. Great Society.

Besides eliminating segregation and racial discrimination in public facilities and employment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included a provision that

A. established the principle of affirmative action in college admissions.

B. prohibited sexual as well as racial discrimination.

C. protected gays against discrimination in employment.

D. laid the foundation for busing to achieve integration.

E. protected the rights of Latino immigrants to speak Spanish in schools.

B. prohibited sexual as well as racial discrimination.

The War on Poverty was inspired by

A. the sickness and dire conditions President Johnson witnessed in the mining regions of Appalachia.

B. Michael Harrington's book "The Other America".

C. All of these

D. increasing public faith that an affluent nation such as the United States should be able to end poverty.

E. None of these

C. All of these

With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A. the military was given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons.

B. Congress maintained its war-declaring power.

C. the United States declared war on Vietnam.

D. the goals of American military involvement in Vietnam were clear.

E. Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.

E. Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.

Voters supported Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election because of their

A. loyalty to the Kennedy legacy.

B. faith in the Great Society promises.

C. All of these

D. trust in Johnson's Vietnam policy.

E. fear of the Republican nominee, Barry Goldwater.

C. All of these

Lyndon Johnson gained strong support for federal aid to education by

A. focusing on improving educational quality rather than racial integration.

B. sidestepping the controversy over parochial schools by channeling aid directly to students.

C. making sure that the funds would flow primarily to needy students.

D. directing funds toward higher education only.

E. guaranteeing that no aid would be given to Catholic schools.

B. sidestepping the controversy over parochial schools by channeling aid directly to students.

All of the following programs were created by Lyndon Johnson's administration except

A. the Peace Corps.

B. Project Head Start

C. Medicare

D. the Office of Economic Opportunity.

E. the National Endowment for the Arts and Humanities.

A. the Peace Corps.

In the final analysis, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs

A. proved that poverty could not be papered over with greenbacks.

B. did no good at all.

C. won some noteworthy battles in education and healthcare.

D. received more money than they could effectively spend.

E. actually increased the poverty rate.

C. won some noteworthy battles in education and healthcare.

The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following except

A. banning racial discrimination in most private facilities opened to the public.

B. prohibiting discrimination based on gender.

C. requiring affirmative action against discrimination.

D. creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

E. banning sexual as well as racial discrimination.

C. requiring affirmative action against discrimination.

As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

A. fewer Asians came to the United States.

B. the racial and ethnic makeup of the country was unchanged.

C. sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.

D. the number of immigrants entering the country was reduced.

E. sources of immigration tilted to Eastern Europe.

C. sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.

The common use of poll taxers to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the

A. Twenty-Fourth Amendment.

B. Twenty-Fifth Amendment.

C. War on Poverty

D. Civil Rights Act of 1964.

E. Voting Rights Act of 1965.

A. Twenty-Fourth Amendment.

The militant African American leader who most directly challenged Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goal of peaceful integration was

A. Medgar Evers.

B. Malcom X

C. Ralph Abernathy.

D. Fannie Lou Hamer.

E. Marcus Garvey.

B. Malcom X

The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict by bringing into constant, direct conflict

A. Israel and the United States on the one hand and Arabs and the Soviet Union on the other.

B. Americans and Israelis.

C. Israelis and Palestinians.

D. the Israeli government and Jewish settlers on the West Bank.

E. Israel and Saudia Arabia.

C. Israelis and Palestinians.

The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam policy

A. was the Tet Offensive of 1968.

B. occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee held public hearing on the war.

C. came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the United States.

D. occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned.

E. came with the bombing of Cambodia.

A. was the Tet Offensive of 1968.

The attempt to nominate an antiwar Democratic candidate for president in 1968 suffered a crippling blow when

A. Senator Eugene McCarthy withdrew from the race before the Democratic convention.

B. pro-war Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Oregon and California primaries.

C. Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California primary.

D. public opinion turned back in favor of the war after the Tet Offensive.

E. militant leftist demonstrators at the Chicago convention caused a backlash in favor of Humphrey.

C. Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California primary.

The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was

A. Key West, Florida.

B. the Mattachine Society headquarters (Los Angeles).

C. the Stonewall Inn (New York City).

D. Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana).

E. Fire Island, New York.

C. the Stonewall Inn (New York City).

Former Vice President Richard Nixon essentially won the 1968 presidential election by

A. repudiating Goldwater conservatives and running as a liberal Republican.

B. exploiting Democratic divisions and appealing to moderately conservative law and order sentiment.

C. arguing that the Vietnam War had been a mistake from the beginning.

D. re-asserting the Republican Party's historic commitment to civil rights and civil liberties.

E. promising to escalate the Vietnam War and win a decisive victory there.

B. exploiting Democratic divisions and appealing to moderately conservative law and order sentiment.

Richard Nixon's policy of detente

A. was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea.

B. was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.

C. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading Communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

D. found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.

E. was a failure.

C. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading Communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

In the warfare that raged between the Indians and the American military after the Civil War,

A. the U.S. army was able to dominate with its superior technology.

B. there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides.

C. Indians proved to be no match for the soldiers.

D. Indians and soldiers seldom came into face-to-face combat.

E. the Indians were never as well armed as the soldiers.

B. there was often great cruelty and massacres on both sides.

In the election of 1896, the major issue became

A. restoration of protective tariffs.

B. enactment of an income tax.

C. the rights of farmers and industrial workers.

D. government programs for those unemployed as a result of the depression.

E. free and unlimited coinage of silver.

E. free and unlimited coinage of silver.

he first major farmers' organization was the

A. Greenback Labor Party.

B. Populist.

C. American Farm Bureau.

D. Farmers' Alliance

E. National Grange.

E. National Grange.

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, the volume of agricultural goods_________, and the price received for these goods __________.

A. increased; stayed the same

B. decreased; also decreased

C. increased; also increased

D. decreased; increased

E. increased; decreased

E. increased; decreased

The Plains Indians were finally forced to surrender

A. because they were decimated by their constant intertribal warfare.

B. when they realized that agriculture was more profitable than hunting.

C. by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.

D. when the army began using artillery against them.

E. after such famous leaders as Geronimo and Sitting Bull were killed.

C. by the coming of the railroads and the virtual extermination of the buffalo.

In 1890, when the superintendent of the census announced that a stable frontier line was no longer discernible, Americans were disturbed because

A. the idea of the endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning.

B. many of them hoped eventually to migrate to the West.

C. they feared that an influx of new western states would strengthen the Populists and other radicals.

D. they thought that there would be a renewal of Indian warfare.

E. they new that the Homestead Act would no longer do them much good.

A. the idea of the endlessly open West had been an element of America's history from the beginning.

Sooners were settlers who "jumped the gun" in order to

A. claim land in Oklahoma before the territory was legally opened to settlement.

B. stake claims in the Comstock Lode in Nevada.

C. drive the first cattle to Montana and Wyoming.

D. grab town sites in the Dakota's.

E. pan gold in California.

A. claim land in Oklahoma before the territory was legally opened to settlement.

The United States government's outlawing of the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the

A. Dawes Severalty Act.

B. Battle of Wounded Knee.

C. Sand Creek massacre.

D. Carlisle Indian School.

E. Battle of Little Big Horn.

B. Battle of Wounded Knee.

One major problem with the Homestead Act was that

A. the government continued to try and maximize its revenue from public lands.

B. it took several years to earn a profit from farming a homestead.

C. 160 acres were inadequate for farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains.

D. most homesteaders knew little or nothing about farming in the West.

E. midwestern farmers had to give up raising livestock because of stiff competition from the West.

C. 160 acres were inadequate for farming on the rain-scarce Great Plains.

The Dawes Severalty Act was designed to promote Indian

A. prosperity.

B. assimilation.

C. education.

D. annihilation.

E. culture.

B. assimilation.

A Century of Dishonor (1881), which chronicled the dismal history of Indian-white relations, was authored by

A. William F. Cody

B. Harriet Beecher Stowe.

C. Helen Hunt Jackson

D. Chief Joseph

E. Joseph F. Glidden

C. Helen Hunt Jackson

Which of these is NOT a true statement about women on the frontier?

A. Frontier women got the right to vote much later than women in the East.

B. Women earned a kind of equality on the frontier.

C. Women found a variety of opportunities in the West.

D. Women worked as prostitutes on the frontier.

E. Some women made money running boarding houses.

A. Frontier women got the right to vote much later than women in the East.

The root cause of the American farmers' problems after 1880 was

A. the shortage of farm machinery.

B. urban growth.

C. foreign competition.

D. low prices and deflated currency.

E. the declining number of farms and farmers.

D. low prices and deflated currency.

Farmers were slow to organize and promote their interest because they

A. were not well educated.

B. were too busy trying to eke out a living.

C. were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.

D. did not possess the money necessary to establish a national political movement.

E. were divided by the wealthier, more powerful manufacturers and railroad barons.

C. were, by nature, highly independent and individualistic.

The Farmers' Alliance was especially weakened by

A. corrupt leadership.

B. its failure to target landowners.

C. its inability to overcome racial divisions in the South.

D. regional concentration in the South.

E. its political ineptitude.

C. its inability to overcome racial divisions in the South.

During the 1892 presidential election, large numbers of southern white farmers refused to desert the Democratic Party and support the Populist Party because

A. they believed that too many Populists were former Republicans.

B. the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.

C. they were not experiencing the same hard times as Midwestern farmers.

D. they could not accept the Populists' call for government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone.

E. they did not think the Populists represented their political interests.

B. the history of racial division in the region made it hard to cooperate with blacks.

Jacob Coxey and his army marched on Washington, D.C., to

A. demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.

B. protest the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act.

C. try to promote a general strike of all workers.

D. demand the immediate payment of bonuses to Civil War veterans.

E. demand a larger military budget.

A. demand that the government relieve unemployment with a public works program.

The depression of the 1890's and episodes like the Pullman Strike made the election of 1896 shape up as a

A. conflict between the insurgent Populists and the two established political parties.

B. sectional conflict with the West aligned against the Northeast and South.

C. clash of cultures between ordinary middle-class Americans and European-oriented radicals and reformers.

D. contest over the power of the federal government to manage a modern industrial economy like the United States.

E. battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives.

E. battle between down-and-out workers and farmers and establishment conservatives.

Mark Hanna, the Ohio Republican president-maker, believed that the prime function of the federal government was to

A. provide aid to big business.

B. overturn the trickle down theory of economics.

C. defend against foreign enemies.

D. maintain a laissez-faire policy.

E. not "rock the boat" of prosperity.

A. provide aid to big business.

For farm men and women, Granges were a godsend because

A. they required members to pitch in and help each other during harvest season.

B. they helped members join together to take advantage of opportunities via the Homestead Act.

C. they sold farming supplies at a deep discount.

D. their secret rituals kept out people they didn't like.

E. the picnics, concerts, and lectures they offered helped ease their isolation.

E. the picnics, concerts, and lectures they offered helped ease their isolation.

In post-Civil War America, Indians surrendered their lands on when they

A. traded land for rifles and blankets.

B. were allowed to control the supply of food and other staples to their reservations.

C. chose to migrate farther west.

D. received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land.

E. lost their mobility as the whites killed their horses.

D. received solemn promises from the government that they would be left alone and provided with supplies on the remaining land.

The Buffalo Soldiers were

A. Soldiers who sought to defeat the Indians by depriving them of their primary food supply.

B. African American cavalry and soldiers who served in the frontier wars.

C. Soldiers who were killed in the Fetterman massacre.

D. U.S. Army units who survived on the plains by killing buffalo.

E. Military officials who criticized George M. Custer's tactics.

B. African American cavalry and soldiers who served in the frontier wars.

Match each Indian chief below with his tribe.

Chief Joseph Nez Perce Sitting Bull Sioux Geronimo Apache

Chief Joseph Nez Perce Sitting Bull Sioux Geronimo Apache

A new round of warfare between the Sioux and U.S. Army began in 1874 when

A. the federal government announced that it was opening all Sioux land to settlement.

B. the U.S. Army decided to retaliate for the Fetterman massacre.

C. Sioux Chief Crazy Horse began an effort to drive all whites from Montana and the Dakotas.

D. Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills.

E. Colonel George Custer led an expedition to Little Big Horn, Montana.

D. Colonel George Custer discovered gold on Sioux land in the Black Hills.

The Nez Perce Indians of Idaho were goaded into war when

A. their alliance with the Shoshone required it.

B. gold was discovered on their reservation.

C. the federal government attempted to force them onto a reservation.

D. the Sioux began to migrate on their land.

E. the Canadian government attempted to force their return to the United States.

C. the federal government attempted to force them onto a reservation.

Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Dawes Severalty Act is passed; (B) Oklahoma land rush takes place; (C) Indians are granted full citizenship; (D) Congress restores the tribal basis of Indian life.

A. A, B, D, C

B. A, D, B, C

C. B, A, C, D

D. C, B, D, A

E. A, B, C, D

E. A, B, C, D

The safety valve theory that the West dampened class conflict, while exaggerated, did have some validity because

A. western cities had less class conflict than those in the East.

B. eastern city dwellers headed west to get free homesteads during depressions.

C. wealthy western farmers hired many unemployed laborers from eastern cities.

D. free western land did attract many immigrants to the West who might have crowded urban job markets.

E. western farmers tended to be politically more conservative than those in the East.

D. free western land did attract many immigrants to the West who might have crowded urban job markets.

Which one of the following was not among influential Populist leaders?

A. William "Coin" Harvey

B. Mary Elizabeth Lease

C. Ignatius Donnelley

D. Eugene V. Debs

E. James B. Weaver

D. Eugene V. Debs

President Grover Cleveland justified federal intervention in the Pullman strike of 1894 on the grounds that

A. the unions leader, Eugene V. Debs, was a socialist.

B. the strikers were engaging in violent attacks on railroad property.

C. strikes against railroads were illegal.

D. the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.

E. shutting down the railroads threatened national security.

D. the strike was preventing the transit of U.S. mail.

The monetary inflation needed to relieve the social and economic hardships of the late nineteenth century eventually came as a result of

A. Populist fusion with the Democratic party.

B. an increase in the international gold supply.

C. the creation of the Federal Reserve Board.

D. the Gold Standard Act.

E. McKinley's adoption of the bimetallic standard.

B. an increase in the international gold supply.

President William McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain mainly because

A. it became clear that there was no other way to obtain Cuban independence.

B. the business community favored it.

C. the Spanish government had directly insulted the United States.

D. the Teller Amendment guaranteed that the United States would not establish colonial control of Cuba.

E. the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.

E. the American public and many leading Republicans demanded it.