Which of the following was not among the technological improvements that made the modern transcontinental railroad network possible?

a.

Steel rails

b.

Air brakes

c.

Standard gauge tracks

d.

The block signal

e.

The caboose

E

Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share the profits were called

a.

pools.

b.

trusts.

c.

rebates.

d.

interlocking directorates.

e.

holding companies.

A

Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?

a.

Bribing judges and state legislatures

b.

Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock

c.

Providing free railroad passes to journalists and politicians

d.

Watering railroad stocks and bonds in order to sell them at inflated prices

e.

Receiving kickbacks from powerful shippers

B

In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that state legislatures could not regulate railroads because

a.

the U.S. Constitution did not permit the government to regulate private industry.

b.

the state legislatures were acting on behalf of a private interest, Illinois farmers.

c.

the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad was incorporated in Missouri, not Illinois.

d.

railroad executives had committed no illegal acts in their business.

e.

railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.

E

The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the

a.

Federal Trade Commission.

b.

Interstate Commerce Commission.

c.

Consumer Affairs Commission.

d.

Federal Anti-Trust Commission.

e.

Federal Communications Commission.

B

Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the

a.

typewriter and the telephone.

b.

electric light and the phonograph.

c.

Bessemer steel process and the internal combustion engine.

d.

streetcar and the bicycle.

e.

electric refrigerator and stove.

A

Which of the following was not among the technologies invented or improved by Thomas A. Edison?

a.

The electric light bulb

b.

The phonograph

c.

The mimeograph

d.

The electric dynamo

e.

The motion picture

D

One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was

a.

increased competition.

b.

supporting a centrally planned economy.

c.

funding research on new technologies.

d.

elimination of the tactic of vertical integration.

e.

elimination of as much competition as possible.

E

Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration

a.

combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.

b.

created an industrial association through which member companies could wield much power.

c.

embraced the notion of buying up competitors and forming a monopoly interest.

d.

required smaller competitors to agree to standardized rates set by larger firms.

e.

None of these

A

John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal integration involved

a.

franchising Standard Oil gasoline stations to independent operators.

b.

controlling all phases of the oil industry from drilling to commercial retailing.

c.

creating standardized job assignments and fixed production and sales quotas for all employees.

d.

forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard oil or lose their business.

e.

developing multiple uses for oil in transportation, lighting, and industry.

B

The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of

a.

Jay Gould.

b.

Henry Bessemer.

c.

John P. Altgeld.

d.

Thomas Edison.

e.

Alexander Graham Bell.

B

America's first billion-dollar corporation was

a.

General Electric (GE).

b.

Standard Oil.

c.

American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T).

d.

The Union Pacific Railroad.

e.

United States Steel.

E

The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie

a.

based its theology on the teachings of Jesus.

b.

held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money.

c.

stimulated efforts to help minorities.

d.

was opposed by most late nineteenth century clergymen.

e.

asserted that the more people prayed the better off they would become.

B

Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that

a.

only a few large corporations were fit to survive in the industrial jungle.

b.

society owed a basic standard of living to even its weakest members.

c.

there should be eugenic biological breeding to produce a superior human race.

d.

fitness to survive and thrive could be proven through physical competition.

e.

the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.

E

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of

a.

manufacturing corporations.

b.

labor unions.

c.

state legislatures.

d.

railroad corporations.

e.

banking syndicates.

B

During the age of industrialization, the South

a.

took full advantage of the new economic trends.

b.

received preferential treatment from the railroads.

c.

turned away from agriculture.

d.

held to its Old South ideology.

e.

remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.

E

Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as

a.

high-wage positions.

b.

unacceptable.

c.

a poor alternative to farming.

d.

institutions that broke up families.

e.

the only steady jobs and wages available.

E

Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except

a.

economic swings and depressions.

b.

employers' whims.

c.

new educational requirements for jobs.

d.

sudden unemployment.

e.

illness and accident.

C

Most women workers of the 1890s worked for

a.

independence.

b.

glamour.

c.

economic necessity.

d.

retirement savings.

e.

personal spending money.

C

Which one of the following is least like the other four?

a.

Closed shop

b.

Lockout

c.

Yellow dog contract

d.

Blacklist

e.

Company town

A

Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor

a.

labor unions.

b.

corporations.

c.

state regulatory agencies.

d.

individual entrepreneurs.

e.

independent workers and craftsmen.

B

One group, barred from membership in the Knights of Labor, was

a.

African Americans.

b.

nonproducers.

c.

women.

d.

Irish.

e.

social reformers.

B

The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when

a.

the government owned the means of production.

b.

labor controlled the government.

c.

workers accepted the concept of craft unions.

d.

business would understand the principles of social justice.

e.

labor would own and operate businesses and industries.

E

The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the

a.

National Labor Union.

b.

Knights of Labor.

c.

American Federation of Labor.

d.

Knights of Columbus.

e.

Congress of Industrial Organizations.

C

The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly argued that these men

a.

had no real business ability.

b.

built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.

c.

tried to take the United States back to an earlier age of aristocracy.

d.

were environmentally insensitive.

e.

slowed technological advances.

B

All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except

a.

a large pool of unskilled labor.

b.

an abundance of natural resources.

c.

American ingenuity and inventiveness.

d.

immigration restrictions.

e.

a political climate favoring business.

D

Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he

a.

was personally dishonest and corrupt.

b.

did not believe in the principles of the Republican party.

c.

was unable to get others to follow his lead.

d.

had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.

e.

lacked political ambition

D

In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant

a.

transformed his personal popularity into a large majority in the popular vote.

b.

owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.

c.

gained his victory by winning the votes of the majority of whites.

d.

demonstrated his political skill.

e.

All of these

B

In the aftermath of the Civil War

a.

the population of the United States declined.

b.

Americans retained a strong sense of idealistic sacrifice.

c.

the North developed a strong sense of moral superiority.

d.

concern for racial questions took precedence over economics.

e.

waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government.

E

New York's notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of

a.

New York Times exposés and the cartoons of Thomas Nast.

b.

federal income tax evasion charges.

c.

the RICO racketeering act.

d.

New York City's ethics laws.

e.

testimony by Tweed's partners in crime.

A

The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved

a.

public utility company bribes.

b.

Bureau of Indian Affairs payoffs.

c.

railroad construction kickbacks.

d.

evasion of excise taxes on distilled liquor.

e.

manipulating the Wall Street stock market.

C

A major cause of the panic that broke in 1873 was

a.

the issuance of millions of dollars in greenbacks.

b.

the expansion of more factories, railroads, and mines than existing markets would bear.

c.

a credit crunch caused by extremely high interest rates.

d.

Wall Street's fears about the power of the radical Greenback Labor party.

e.

excessive speculation in mining stocks.

B

Despite the lack of national political issues, Gilded Age elections often produced fierce local contests over culturally and religiously charged issues like

a.

imperialism and foreign missions.

b.

prohibition and education.

c.

race relations and racial justice in the South.

d.

sexual morality and women's rights.

e.

the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency.

B

The major problem in the 1876 presidential election centered on

a.

who would be Speaker of the House.

b.

the two sets of election returns submitted by Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.

c.

Samuel Tilden's association with corrupt politicians.

d.

President Grant's campaign for a third term.

e.

failure to use the secret Australian ballot in some places.

B

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

a.

a renewal of the Republican commitment to protect black civil rights in the South.

b.

the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the South.

c.

the election of a Democrat to the presidency.

d.

Republican support for an inflationary silver-money policy.

e.

a plan to build the first transcontinental railroad.

B

The sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents" of the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's two nonconsecutive terms) was

a.

Cleveland, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Garfield.

b.

Garfield, Hayes, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.

c.

Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Hayes, Harrison, and Cleveland.

d.

Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland.

e.

Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, Cleveland, Arthur, and Cleveland.

D

In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that

a.

African Americans could be denied the right to vote.

b.

segregation was unconstitutional.

c.

"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional.

d.

the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to African Americans.

e.

literacy tests for voting were constitutional.

C

At the end of Reconstruction, Southern whites disenfranchised African Americans using

a.

literacy requirements.

b.

poll taxes.

c.

economic intimidation.

d.

lynching

e.

All of these

E

Public executions and lynchings of black men in the Jim Crow South were

a.

retaliation for violent crimes against whites.

b.

designed to intimidate African Americans to accept second-class status.

c.

done to scare blacks into moving out of the South.

d.

a way to force blacks back into slave-like labor.

e.

All of these

B

Which of these is NOT a true statement about the relationship between blacks and sharecropping in the years after Reconstruction?

a.

As sharecroppers, blacks found themselves at the mercy of former masters who were now their landlords and creditors.

b.

Some merchants manipulated the system so that farmers remained perpetually in debt to them.

c.

Black sharecroppers often lived in conditions scarcely better than when they were slaves.

d.

White southerners did not work as sharecroppers.

e.

Sharecroppers barely scraped by economically.

D

In the wake of anti-Chinese violence in California, the United States Congress

a.

negotiated a restricted-immigration agreement with China.

b.

did nothing, as it was California's problem.

c.

banned the Kearneyites in San Francisco.

d.

sent many Chinese back to their homeland.

e.

passed a law prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers to America.

E

The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the

A. development of the skyscraper.

B. availability of industrial jobs.

C. compact nature of those large communities.

D. advent of new housing structures known as dumbbell tenements.

E. lure of cultural excitement.

B

All of these were factors that increasingly made cities more attractive than farms for young adults except

A. electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones.

B. the advent of skyscrapers and suspension bridges.

C. urban nightlife.

D. industrial jobs.

E. the lower cost of living

E

One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was

A. mass-production factories.

B. the Sears catalog.

C. advertising billboards.

D. public transportation systems.

E. large department stores

E

The New Immigrants who came to the United States after 1880

A. had experience with democratic governments.

B. arrived primarily from Germany, Sweden, and Norway.

C. were culturally different from previous immigrants.

D. received a warm welcome from the Old Immigrants.

E. represented nonwhite racial groups.

C

The two immigrant ethnic groups who were most harshly treated in the mid to late nineteenth century were the

A. Spanish and Greeks.

B. Irish and Chinese.

C. Germans and Swedes.

D. Japanese and Filipinos.

E. French and Russians.

B

Most New Immigrants

A. eventually returned to their country of origin

B. tried to preserve their Old Country culture in America

C. were subjected to stringent immigration restrictions.

D. quickly assimilated into the mainstream of American life.

E. converted to mainstream Protestantism.

B

By the late nineteen century, most of the Old Immigrant groups from northern and Western Europe

a.

actively promoted the idea of a multicultural America.

b.

were still regarded with suspicion and hostility by the majority of native Americans.

c.

had largely abandoned their ethnically based churches, clubs, and neighborhoods.

d.

were largely accepted as American, even though they often lived in separate ethnic neighborhoods.

e.

still maintained a primary loyalty to their country of origin, especially Ireland or Germany.

D

While big city political bosses and their machines were often criticized, they proved necessary and effective in the new urban environment because

a.

they were better able to leverage grant money from the federal government.

b.

they consistently upheld high ethical standards.

c.

they were closely allied to other urban institutions like the church and big business.

d.

they were more effective in serving urban immigrants' needs than weak state or local governments.

e.

their support for the Democratic party helped to balance small-town Republican power.

D

Besides serving immigrants and the poor in urban neighborhoods, settlement workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley

a.

actively lobbied for social reforms like anti-sweatshop laws and child labor laws.

b.

created the new, largely female profession of teaching.

c.

looked down on the immigrant populations they served.

d.

saw themselves primarily as feminists who worked to advance women's causes.

e.

steered clear of controversial international questions like war and peace.

A

Settlement houses, such as Hull House, engaged in all of the following activities except

a.

child care.

b.

instruction in English.

c.

cultural activities.

d.

evangelical religious instruction.

e.

lobbying for social reform.

D

n the 1890s, white collar positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for

a.

Jews.

b.

Irish-Americans.

c.

African Americans.

d.

the college-educated.

e.

native-born Americans.

E

Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except

a.

opposed to factory labor.

b.

used as strikebreakers.

c.

willing to work for lower wages.

d.

difficult to unionize.

e.

non-English speaking.

A

The American Protective Association

a.

preached the social gospel that churches were obligated to protect New Immigrants.

b.

was led for many years by Florence Kelley and Jane Addams.

c.

supported immigration restrictions.

d.

established settlement houses in several major cities in order to aid New Immigrants.

e.

sought to organize mutual-aid associations.

C

The religious denomination that was most positively engaged with the New Immigration was

a.

Roman Catholics.

b.

Baptists.

c.

Episcopalians.

d.

Christian Scientists.

e.

Mormons.

A

The intellectual development that seriously disturbed the churches in the late nineteenth century was the

a.

growing feminist assault on theories of male superiority.

b.

growing awareness of non-Christian religions.

c.

rise of theories of white racial superiority.

d.

new geological studies.

e.

biology of Charles Darwin.

E

The new, research-oriented modern American university tended to

a.

focus primarily on theory rather than practical subjects.

b.

give a new emphasis to the importance of religion and cultural tradition.

c.

take the lead in movements of social and political reform.

d.

challenge Charles Darwin's theory of organic evolution and natural selection.

e.

de-emphasize religious and moral instruction in favor of practical subjects and professional specialization.

E

Booker T. Washington believed that the key to political and civil rights for African Americans was

a.

the vote.

b.

rigorous academic training.

c.

the rejection of accommodationist attitudes.

d.

to directly challenge white supremacy.

e.

economic independence and education

E

The success of the public schools is best evidenced by

a.

the large numbers of students graduating from them.

b.

the ways in which they helped assimilate massive numbers of immigrants.

c.

the falling illiteracy rate to just over 10 percent by 1900.

d.

the large numbers of average Americans going on to attend college.

e.

the movement of men into the teaching profession.

C

As a leader of the African American community, Booker T. Washington

a.

helped to found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

b.

advocated social equality.

c.

discovered hundreds of uses for the peanut.

d.

promoted black self-help but did not challenge segregation.

e.

promoted black political activism.

D

The Morrill Act of 1862

a.

established women's colleges like Vassar.

b.

required compulsory school attendance through high school.

c.

established the modern American research university.

d.

mandated racial integration in public schools.

e.

granted public lands to states to support higher education.

E

Black leader, Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois

a.

demanded complete equality for African Americans.

b.

established an industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama.

c.

supported the goals of Booker T. Washington.

d.

was an ex-slave who rose to fame.

e.

None of these

A

In the decades after the Civil War, college education for women

a.

became more difficult to obtain.

b.

was confined to women's colleges.

c.

became much more common.

d.

resulted in the passage of the Hatch Act.

e.

blossomed especially in the South.

C

The two late-nineteenth-century newspaper publishers whose competition for circulation fueled the rise of sensationalistic yellow journalism were

a.

Horatio Alger and Harlan E. Halsey.

b.

Henry Adams and Henry James.

c.

Henry George and Edward Bellamy.

d.

William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

e.

Edwin L. Godkin and Stephen Crane.

D

American newspapers expanded their circulation and public attention by

a.

printing hard-hitting editorials.

b.

crusading for social reform.

c.

repudiating the tactics of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.

d.

focusing on coverage of the local community and avoiding syndicalized material.

e.

printing sensationalist stories of sex and scandal.

E

One of the most important factors leading to an increased divorce rate in the late nineteenth century was the

a.

decline in farm income.

b.

stresses of urban life.

c.

emerging feminist movement.

d.

passage of more liberal divorce laws.

e.

decline of religious organizations.

B

The growing prohibition movement especially reflected the concerns of

a.

the new immigrants.

b.

big business.

c.

the poor and working classes.

d.

middle class women.

e.

industrial labor unions.

D

Which of the following sports was not developed in the decades following the Civil War?

a.

Basketball

b.

Bicycling

c.

Croquet

d.

College football

e.

Baseball

E

In his book, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis, the Reverend Josiah Strong advocated American expansion to

a.

maintain the international balance of power.

b.

open up new markets for industrial goods.

c.

spread American religion and values to backward nations.

d.

ease labor violence at home.

e.

demonstrate and maintain white racial superiority.

C

A major factor in the shift in American foreign policy toward imperialism in the late nineteenth century was the

a.

need for subservient populations to replace the freed slaves.

b.

desire for more farmland.

c.

construction of an American-built isthmian canal between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

d.

closing of the frontier.

e.

need for overseas markets for increased industrial and agricultural production.

E

Alfred Thayer Mahan argued that

a.

free trade was essential to a nation's economic health.

b.

control of the sea was the key to world domination.

c.

the United States should continue its policy of isolationism.

d.

the United States should immediately build an isthmian canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

e.

the United States should construct a fleet of battleships.

B

The near-war between the United States and Britain over the Venezuela boundary crisis ultimately resulted in

a.

a brief war between Venezuela and British Guiana.

b.

British concession of the disputed territory to Venezuela.

c.

stationing United States marines along the disputed border.

d.

a growing diplomatic reconciliation between the two English-speaking countries.

e.

a naval arms race between the United States and Britain.

D

One reason that the white American sugar lords tried to overthrow native Hawaiian rule and annex the islands to the United States was they

a.

found the government of Queen Liliuokalani repressive and inefficient.

b.

sought to control American foreign policy in the Pacific.

c.

wanted to convert the native Hawaiians and East Asian immigrants to Christianity.

d.

feared that Japan might intervene in Hawaii on behalf of abused Japanese imported laborers.

e.

intended to force the growing native Hawaiian population to become indentured plantation laborers.

D

Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani was forced from power in 1893 because

a.

she refused to allow Christian missionaries in her country.

b.

many Hawaiians found her rule corrupt.

c.

Hawaiian agriculture had failed under her leadership.

d.

President Grover Cleveland believed that U.S. national honor required control of the Hawaiian government.

e.

she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii.

E

Which of the following prominent American leaders was least enthusiastic about U.S. imperialistic adventures in the 1890s?

a.

Theodore Roosevelt

b.

William Randolph Hearst

c.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

d.

William McKinley

e.

Grover Cleveland

E

The actual purpose of the battleship Maine's visit to Cuba was to

a.

provoke a war with Spain.

b.

protect and evacuate American citizens from the island.

c.

offer a way for Cuban rebels to escape to Florida.

d.

stop rioting by the Cuban rebels.

e.

prepare for intervention by the U.S. marines if necessary.

B

The Teller Amendment

a.

guaranteed that the United States would support Cuban independence after Spain was ousted.

b.

stated that Cuba would become an American possession.

c.

directed President McKinley to order American troops into Cuba.

d.

appropriated funds to combat yellow fever in Cuba.

e.

granted the United States a permanent base at Guantanamo Bay.

A

The most successful American military action during the Spanish-American War was largely due to

a.

the well-trained U.S. Army.

b.

effective collaboration between U.S. forces and Cuban and Filipino rebels.

c.

the strategic skill of U.S. military leadership.

d.

the efficient logistical support for U.S. forces provided by the War Department.

e.

effective use of the new steel navy.

E

The Philippine nationalist who led the insurrection against both Spanish rule and the later United States occupation was

a.

Valeriano Weyler.

b.

Emilio Aguinaldo.

c.

Dupuy de Lóme.

d.

Pasqual de Cervera.

e.

Ramon Macapagal.

B

The greatest loss of life for American fighting men during the Spanish-American War resulted from

a.

naval battles in the Caribbean.

b.

the war in the Philippines.

c.

land battles in the Cuban campaign.

d.

sickness in both Cuba and the United States.

e.

the bungling of unprofessional military volunteers.

D

All of the following became possessions of the United States under the provisions of the Treaty of Paris with Spain except

a.

Puerto Rico.

b.

Guam.

c.

the Philippine Islands.

d.

Hawaii.

e.

Manila.

D

resident McKinley justified American acquisition of the Philippines primarily by emphasizing that

a.

the Filipinos wanted to be annexed by the United States.

b.

the electoral success of the Republican party depended on their acquisition.

c.

the United States would gain key naval bases there.

d.

the Philippines were spoils of war and America's by right of conquest.

e.

there was no acceptable alternative to their acquisition.

E

American imperialists who advocated acquisition of the Philippines especially stressed

a.

their strategic advantage for American naval operations.

b.

their economic potential for American businessmen seeking trade with China and other Asian nations.

c.

the opportunity that they presented for Christian missionary work.

d.

the Filipinos' own preference that their archipelago become an American protectorate.

e.

their potential as a military base for defense of the Pacific.

B

Anti-imperialists presented all of the following arguments against acquiring the Philippine Islands except that

a.

it would violate the "consent of the governed" philosophy of the Declaration of Independence.

b.

despotism abroad might lead to despotism at home.

c.

the islands were still rightfully Spain's, since they were taken after the armistice had been signed.

d.

annexation would propel the United States into the political and military cauldron of East Asia.

e.

imperialism was likely to be more costly than profitable.

C

Starting in 1917, many Puerto Ricans came to the mainland United States seeking

a.

independence.

b.

political refuge.

c.

to learn English.

d.

citizenship.

e.

employment.

E

On the question of whether American laws applied to the overseas territory acquired in the Spanish-American War, the Supreme Court ruled in the Insular Cases that

a.

the American Constitution and laws did not apply to U.S. colonies.

b.

the president could determine which U.S. laws applied in U.S. colonies.

c.

federal but not state laws applied.

d.

only tariff laws could be forced.

e.

only the Bill of Rights applied.

A

The American war against the Philippine insurrectionists promoting Philippine independence

a.

was won with fewer casualties than the war in Cuba.

b.

was remarkable for its avoidance of civilian casualties.

c.

resulted in torture and atrocities committed by both sides.

d.

was waged in accord with traditional American ideals.

e.

was highly popular in the United States.

C

Many Americans became concerned about the increasing foreign intervention in China because they

a.

feared that American missions would be jeopardized and Chinese markets closed to non-Europeans.

b.

wanted the United States to have exclusive trade rights with the Chinese.

c.

feared German military domination of China.

d.

believed that such intervention undermined Chinese sovereignty.

e.

disliked the superior racial attitudes displayed by the Europeans toward the Chinese.

A

America's initial Open Door policy was essentially an argument to promote

a.

free trade in China.

b.

equal spheres of influence in China.

c.

military protection for the Chinese emperor.

d.

exclusive trade concessions for the U.S. in Shanghai.

e.

the principle of self-determination.

A

China's Boxer Rebellion was an attempt to

a.

overthrow the corrupt Chinese government.

b.

establish American power in the Far East.

c.

throw out or kill all foreigners.

d.

destroy the Open Door policy.

e.

restore traditional Chinese religion.

C

Construction of an isthmian canal across Central America was motivated mainly by

a.

a desire to improve defense by allowing rapid naval movements between two oceans.

b.

the Panamanian Revolution.

c.

America's growing economic interests in Asia.

d.

the British rejection of the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.

e.

American economic interests in Central America.

A

Theodore Roosevelt strongly encouraged the Panamanians to revolt against Colombia because

a.

he thought they would not charge as much for a canal route as the Colombians.

b.

he wanted to establish a permanent U.S. military base in the region.

c.

Roosevelt was personal friends with the Panamanian engineer Bunau-Varilla.

d.

he regarded the Colombians as racially inferior.

e.

the Colombian senate had rejected the American offer to buy a canal route across Panama.

E

The Roosevelt Corollary added a new provision to the Monroe Doctrine that was specifically designed to

a.

enable the United States to rule Puerto Rico and the Canal Zone.

b.

stop European colonization in the Western Hemisphere.

c.

restore cordial relations between the United States and Latin American countries.

d.

establish a friendly partnership with Britain so that it could join the United States in policing Latin American affairs.

e.

justify U.S. intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries.

E

The United States' frequent intervention in the affairs of Latin American countries in the early twentieth century

a.

established political stability in the area.

b.

was appreciated in the region as an effective cloak of defense against European threats.

c.

was a "Bad Neighbor" policy that left a legacy of ill will and distrust of the United States throughout Latin America.

d.

departed from Theodore Roosevelt's big-stick diplomacy.

e.

was intended to spread democracy to the region.

C

The primary diplomatic result of Roosevelt's diplomatic ending of the Russo-Japanese War was that

a.

the United States began to ally itself with Russia against Japan.

b.

both Japan and Russia became increasingly hostile to the United States.

c.

U.S. relations with Japan improved.

d.

U.S. relations with Russia improved.

e.

China began to seek an alliance with the United States in order to check Japan and Russia.

B

Historians have argued that race and gender were important in Roosevelt's and other's justifications for imperialism because these imperialists

a.

claimed American society had lost touch with manly virtues.

b.

saw the nation as becoming soft and feminine since the frontier closed.

c.

perceived other nations as at the bottom of a strict racial hierarchy.

d.

regarded blacks as primitive and Anglo-Saxons as civilized.

e.

All of these

E

The real heart of the progressive movement was the effort by reformers to

a.

preserve world peace.

b.

use the government as an agency of human welfare.

c.

ensure the Jeffersonian style of government.

d.

get the government off the backs of the people.

e.

promote economic and social equality.

B

Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of

a.

the need to assert female power against male oppression.

b.

America's need to catch up with more progressive European nations.

c.

women's inherent rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

d.

the harsh treatment of working women by employers.

e.

their being essentially an extension of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers.

E

The religious movement that was closely linked to progressivism was

a.

the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations.

b.

the missionary movement.

c.

conservative evangelicalism.

d.

the Social Gospel.

e.

the Catholic Action movement.

D

Lincoln Steffens, in his series of articles entitled The Shame of the Cities

a.

exposed the United States Senate as a millionaires' club.

b.

exposed the deplorable condition of blacks in urban areas.

c.

laid bare insider trading practices on the stock market.

d.

uncovered official collusion in prostitution and white slavery.

e.

unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.

E

Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills was to

a.

formulate a consistent philosophy of social reform.

b.

explain the causes of social ills.

c.

devise solutions to society's problems.

d.

make the public aware of social problems.

e.

link up with movements for social justice.

D

The leading progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was

a.

the National Consumers League.

b.

Hull House.

c.

the General Federation of Women's Clubs.

d.

the Progressive Party.

e.

the Women's Christian Temperance Union.

E

Progressive reformers included which of the following?

a.

Militarists

b.

Pacifists

c.

Female settlement workers

d.

Labor unionists

e.

All of these

E

The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was a key progressive reform designed to

a.

end the corrupt and family-destroying influence of the liquor industry.

b.

make Senators directly elected and end the Senate millionaire's club.

c.

prohibit child labor.

d.

guarantee the secret Australian ballot in all federal elections.

e.

enable the President to be elected directly by the people rather than by the Electoral College

B

According to progressives, the cure for all of American democracy's ills was

a.

technical and scientific expertise.

b.

a third political party.

c.

socialism.

d.

a more conservative government.

e.

more democracy.

E

All of the following were prime goals of earnest progressives except

a.

the direct election of senators.

b.

prohibition.

c.

women's suffrage.

d.

ending prostitution and white slavery.

e.

treating women in the workplace exactly the same as men.

E

By 1910, all of the following were true about women's efforts to gain the vote except

a.

Progressives supported the movement.

b.

reformers embraced votes for women as a way to elevate the political tone.

c.

Prohibitionists thought they could count of votes of enfranchised women.

d.

a federal amendment granting the right to vote was about to be passed.

e.

states in the West had gradually extended the vote to women.

D

The settlement house and women's club movements were crucial centers of female progressive activity because they

a.

provided literary and philosophical perspectives on social questions.

b.

broke down the idea that women had special concerns as wives and mothers.

c.

introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems and civic concerns.

d.

helped slum children learn to read Dante and Shakespeare.

e.

became the launching pads for women seeking political office.

C

In Muller v. Oregon, the Supreme Court upheld the principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelley and Louis Brandeis that

a.

child labor under the age of fourteen should be prohibited.

b.

the federal government should regulate occupational safety and health.

c.

women's factory labor should be limited to ten hours a day five days a week.

d.

female workers should receive equal pay for equal work.

e.

female workers required special rules and protection on the job.

E

The public outcry after the horrible Triangle Shirtwaist fire led many states to pass

a.

laws requiring mandatory fire escape for all businesses employing more than ten people.

b.

laws prohibiting women from working in the needle trades.

c.

antisweatshop and workers' compensation laws for job injuries.

d.

zoning regulations governing where dangerous industrial factories could be located.

e.

laws guaranteeing unions the right to raise safety concerns.

C

The case of Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives and labor advocates because in its ruling, the Supreme Court

a.

declared a law limiting work to ten hours a day unconstitutional.

b.

declared unconstitutional a law providing special protection for women workers.

c.

declared that prohibiting child labor would require a constitutional amendment.

d.

upheld the constitutionality of a law enabling business to fire labor organizers.

e.

ruled that fire and safety regulations were local and not state or federal concerns.

A

Activists in the anti-liquor campaigns saw saloons and alcohol as intimately linked with

a.

prostitution.

b.

drunken voters.

c.

crooked city officials, paid off by liquor companies.

d.

All of these

e.

None of these

D

The progressive-inspired city-manager system of government

a.

brought democracy to urban dwellers.

b.

was developed in Wisconsin.

c.

was designed to remove politics from municipal administration.

d.

made giant strides under the leadership of Hiram Johnson.

e.

opened urban politics to new immigrants.

C

While president, Theodore Roosevelt chose to label his reform proposals as the

a.

Fair Deal.

b.

Big Deal.

c.

Big Stick.

d.

New Deal.

e.

Square Deal.

E

Teddy Roosevelt helped to end the 1902 strike in the anthracite coal mines by

a.

using the military to force the miners back to work.

b.

passing legislation making the miners' union illegal.

c.

helping the mine owners to import strike-breakers.

d.

appealing to mine owners' and workers' sense of the public interest.

e.

threatening to seize the mines and to operate them with federal troops.

E

The Elkins and Hepburn Acts were designed to

a.

regulate municipal utilities and end private utility monopolies.

b.

guarantee the purity of food and drugs.

c.

provide federal protection for natural resources.

d.

improve women's working conditions.

e.

end corrupt and exploitative practices by the railroad trusts.

E

Teddy Roosevelt believed that large corporate trusts

a.

had to all be busted up if the American economy were to thrive.

b.

were essential to American national power and economic growth.

c.

were simply too powerful to be broken up or regulated.

d.

were bad only if they acted as monopolies against the public interest.

e.

should be balanced by strong labor unions.

D

Passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act was inspired by the publication of

a.

Theodore Dreiser's The Titan.

b.

Jack London's The Call of the Wild.

c.

Henry Demarest Lloyd's Wealth Against Commonwealth.

d.

Jacob Riis's How the Other Half Lives.

e.

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

E

When Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he intended his book to focus attention on the

a.

unsanitary conditions that existed in the meat-packing industry.

b.

plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry.

c.

corruption in the United States Senate.

d.

deplorable conditions in the drug industry.

e.

unhealthy effects of beef consumption.

B

According to the text, Teddy Roosevelt's most important and enduring achievement may have been

a.

building the Panama Canal.

b.

busting the corporate monopoly trusts.

c.

mediating an end to the Russo-Japanese War.

d.

conserving American resources and protecting the environment.

e.

protecting the American consumer.

D

The western preservationists suffered their worst political setback when

a.

California refused to control suburban sprawl into fragile mountain and desert areas.

b.

private developers were allowed to cut off public access to the Pacific Coast beaches.

c.

the city of Los Angeles built canals to bring water from the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

d.

the Yosemite National Park was opened to motor vehicles.

e.

California's Hetch Hetchy Valley was dammed to supply water to San Francisco.

E

Teddy Roosevelt weakened himself politically after his election in 1904 when he

a.

got into a quarrel with his popular secretary of war, William Taft.

b.

refused to do anything in response to the Roosevelt Panic.

c.

supported the Federal Reserve Act.

d.

began to reduce his trust-busting activity.

e.

announced that he would not be a candidate for a third term as president.

E

President Taft's foreign policy was dubbed

a.

big-stick diplomacy.

b.

the Open Door policy.

c.

the Good Neighbor policy.

d.

dollar diplomacy.

e.

sphere-of-influence diplomacy.

D

Teddy Roosevelt decided to run for the presidency in 1912 because

a.

William Howard Taft had seemed to discard Roosevelt's progressive policies.

b.

Taft decided not to run for a second term.

c.

Woodrow Wilson appeared to be a very strong Democratic candidate.

d.

Senator Robert La Follette encouraged him to do so.

e.

the Democratic party was split.

A

President Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany when
a) the Zimmermann note was intercepted and made public
b) Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic
c) news was received that a revolutionary movement had overthrown the czarists regime in Russia
d) Germany rejected Wilson's Fourteen Points for peace
e) it appeared that the German army would take Paris

B

The Zimmermann note involved a proposed secret agreement between
a) Britain and France
b) Russia and Germany
c) Germany and Mexico
d) Mexico and France
e) Germany and Canada

C

The U.S. declared war on Germany
a) in response to demands by American munitions makers
b) as a result of treaty obligations
c) because Wall Street bankers demanded it
d) after Mexico signed an alliance with Germany
e) after German U-boats sank four unarmed American merchant vessels

E

President Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the U.S. to
a) reestablish the balance of power in European diplomacy
b) expand America's territorial holdings
c) rebuild its dangerously small military and naval forces
d) establish a permanent military presence in Europe
e) shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy

E

Two constitutional amendments adopted in part because of because of wartime influences were the 18th, which dealt with _________________, and the 19th, whose subject was _______________. a) prohibition; an income tax

b) direct election of senators; woman suffrage

c) prohibition; woman suffrage

d) an income tax; direct election of senators

e) women suffrage; prohibition

C

The U.S.' main contributions to the Allied victory in World War I included all of the following except

a) battlefield victories

b) foodstuffs

c) oil

d) munitions

e) financial credit

A

Who was most responsible for the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles?

a) Henry Cabot Lodge

b) Woodrow Wilson

c) isolationists

d) republicans

e) liberals

B

Wilson's "solemn referendum" in 1920 concerned

a) whether he should run for a third term as president

b) the moral fitness of Warren G. Harding for the presidency

c) his attempt to use the presidential election as a public vote on the Treaty of Versailles

d) the role of women in the 1920 election

e) a proposed constitutional amendment authorizing the League

C

The major weakness of the League of Nations was that it

a) had no military power

b) did not include the Soviet Union

c) was sued by Hitler to gain power

d) did not include the U.S.

e) permitted a veto by the great powers

D

As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the __________, while Russia and France were among the _________

a. Central Powers; Holy Alliance
b. Central Powers; Triple Alliance
c. Allies; Central Powers
d. Triple Alliance; Central Powers
e. Central Powers; Allies

E

From 1914 to 1916, trade between the United States and Britain

a. decreased considerably.

b. violated international neutrality laws.

c. was carried only on British ships.

d. was based on weapons shipments.

e. pulled the American economy out of a recession.

E

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans

a. earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.

b. favored entering the war in support of the Allies.

c. supported the Central Powers.

d. wanted to form a military alliance of neutral nations.

e. favored U.S. mediation of the conflict

A

One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it

a. opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary.

b. suffered severe business losses.

c. conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.

d. turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia.

e. virtually ended American international trade.

C

President Wilson insisted that he would hold ___________ to "strict accountability" for __________.

a. Britain; repaying the loans made to it by American bankers

b. Britain; the disruption of American trade with the European continent

c. Germany; starting the war

d. Germany; fair treatment of civilians in Belgium

e. Germany; the loss of American ships and lives to submarine warfare

E

German submarines began sinking unarmed and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning

a. when the United States entered the war.

b. in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany.

c. in an effort to keep the United States out of the war.

d. because international law now allowed this new style of warfare.

e. in a last ditch effort to win the war.

B

Which of the following American passenger liners was sunk by German submarines?

a. Lusitania

b. Arabic

c. Sussex

d. Titanic

e. None of these was an American ship.

E

The Progressive "Bull Moose" party died when

a. Teddy Roosevelt refused to run as the party's presidential candidate in 1916.

b. Teddy Roosevelt lost the presidential race in 1916.

c. the United States entered World War I.

d. the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, advocated the same programs as Roosevelt.

e. Woodrow Wilson won over most Bull Moose voters.

A

In the Sussex pledge, Germany promised

a. not to sink passenger ships.

b. to maintain the territorial integrity of France.

c. to halt its naval blockade of Britain.

d. to halt all submarine warfare.

e. not to sink passenger ships without warning

E

When Woodrow Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the

a. East Coast.

b. working class.

c. business community.

d. pro-war members of both parties.

e. new women voters.

B

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson became the first ____ elected to the presidency since the Civil War.

a.

person born in the South

b.

Democrat

c.

lawyer

d.

non-Civil War veteran

e.

Methodist

A

To secure passage of the Underwood Tariff Bill, Woodrow broke new ground by

a.

enlisting organized business groups to lobby for its passage.

b.

personally presenting his case to Congress and arousing public opinion.

c.

writing a book showing that high tariffs were harming the American economy.

d.

stirring up western and southern regional hostility against the high-tariff East.

e.

sending a team of economic experts to testify before Congress.

B

The Federal Reserve Act gave the Federal Reserve Board the authority to

a.

issue paper money and increase or decrease the amount of money in circulation by altering interest rates.

b.

close weak banks.

c.

take the U.S. dollar off the gold standard.

d.

collect income taxes directly from employees' paychecks.

e.

guarantee individual banking deposits against bank failures.

A

The Federal Trade Commission was established in 1914 to address all of these practices except

a.

eliminating unfair and discriminatory trade practices.

b.

outlawing unfair business competition and bribery.

c.

sale of stocks without full disclosure of a business's organization and profits.

d.

prohibiting false and misleading advertising.

e.

outlawing the mislabeling or adulterating of products.

C

The first Jewish member of the United States Supreme Court, appointed by Woodrow Wilson, was

a.

Felix Frankfurter.

b.

Arsene Pujo.

c.

Abraham Cahan.

d.

Louis D. Brandeis.

e.

Bernard Baruch.

D

Because of the benefits that it conferred on labor, Samuel Gompers called the ____ "labor's Magna Carta."

a.

Federal Reserve Act

b.

Underwood Tariff Act

c.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

d.

Sixteenth Amendment

e.

Workmen's Compensation Act

C

Woodrow Wilson showed the limits of his progressivism by

a.

opposing workingmen's compensation.

b.

opposing the entry of women into politics.

c.

vetoing the Federal Farm Loan Act.

d.

refusing to appoint the Jewish Louis D. Brandeis to the Federal Trade Commission.

e.

accelerating the segregation of blacks in the federal bureaucracy.

E

Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilson's fundamental approach to American foreign policy?

a.

Imperialistic

b.

Moralistic

c.

Realistic

d.

Balance-of-power

e.

Isolationist

B

Difficulties in Mexico in the early 20^th century affected the U.S. by

a.

interfering with trade relations.

b.

encouraging massive migration of Mexicans across the border.

c.

providing an investment opportunity for U.S. corporations.

d.

sparking tensions between the U.S. and Spain.

e.

None of these

B

President Wilson's first direct use of American military forces in revolutionary Mexico occurred when he

a.

sent armed forces to protect against Mexico's nationalization of American businesses.

b.

sent the army to prevent Venustiano Carranza from becoming president of Mexico.

c.

seized the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent German delivery of arms to President Huerta.

d.

sent the army to protect the vast ranch of newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst.

e.

sent General Pershing to capture Pancho Villa after Villa staged raids into New Mexico.

C

Before his first term ended, Woodrow Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased all of the following countries except

a.

Haiti.

b.

the Dominican Republic.

c.

the Virgin Islands.

d.

Cuba.

e.

Mexico.

D

As World War I began in Europe, the alliance system placed Germany and Austria-Hungary as leaders of the ____, while Russia and France were among the ____.

a.

Central Powers; Holy Alliance

b.

Central Powers; Triple Alliance

c.

Allies; Central Powers

d.

Triple Alliance; Central Powers

e.

Central Powers; Allies

E

From 1914 to 1916, America's growing trade with Britain and loss of trade with Germany essentially occurred because

a.

the British needed American goods and weapons and the Germans did not.

b.

more Americans sympathized with Britain than with Germany.

c.

British agents sabotaged American businesses that traded with Germany.

d.

American bankers like J.P. Morgan were willing to loan money to Britain but not to Germany.

e.

the British navy controlled the Atlantic shipping lanes.

E

With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the great majority of Americans

a.

earnestly hoped to stay out of the war.

b.

favored entering the war in support of the Allies.

c.

supported the Central Powers.

d.

wanted to form a military alliance of neutral nations.

e.

favored U.S. mediation of the conflict

A

One primary effect of World War I on the United States was that it

a.

opened new markets in Germany and Austria-Hungary.

b.

suffered severe business losses.

c.

conducted an immense amount of trade with the Allies.

d.

turned more of its economic activity toward Latin America and Asia.

e.

virtually ended American international trade.

C

President Wilson insisted that he would hold ____ to "strict accountability" for ____.

a.

Britain; repaying the loans made to it by American bankers

b.

Britain; the disruption of American trade with the European continent

c.

Germany; starting the war

d.

Germany; fair treatment of civilians in Belgium

e.

Germany; the loss of American ships and lives to submarine warfare

E

The red scare of 1919-1920 was provoked by

a. the wartime migration of rural blacks to northern cities.
b. the strict enforcement of prohibition laws.
c. evolutionary science's challenge to the biblical story of the Creation.
d. the public's association of labor violence with its fear of revolution.
e. the threat created by the Communist Revolution in Russia.

D

Businesspeople used the red scare to
a. establish closed shops throughout the nation.
b. break the backs of fledgling unions.
c. break the railroad strike of 1919.
d. secure passage of laws making unions illegal.
e. refuse to hire Communists.

B

The most tenacious pursuer of "radical" elements during the red scare was
a. Frederick W. Taylor.
b. William Jennings Bryan.
c. J. Edgar Hoover.
d. F. Scott Fitzgerald.
e. A. Mitchell Palmer.

E

The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s was a reaction against
a. capitalism.
b. new immigration laws passed in 1924.
c. the nativist movements that had their origins in the 1850s.
d. race riots.
e. the forces of diversity and modernity that were transforming American culture.

E

Immigration restrictions of the 1920s were introduced as a result of
a. increased migration of blacks to the North.
b. the nativist belief that northern Europeans were superior to southern and eastern Europeans.
c. a desire to rid the country of the quota system.
d. the desire to halt immigration from Latin America.
e. growing concern about urban overcrowding and crime.

B

Enforcement of the Volstead Act met the strongest resistance from
a. women.
b. eastern city dwellers.
c. Westerners.
d. southerners.
e. evangelical Protestants.

B

The main problem faced by American manufacturers in the 1920s involved
a. increasing the level of production.
b. developing expanded markets of people to buy their products.
c. reducing the level of government involvement in business.
d. developing technologically innovative products.
e. finding a skilled labor force.

B

The prosperity that developed in the 1920s
a. was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debt.
b. led to a growing level of savings by the American public
c. enabled labor unions to gain strength.
d. was concentrated primarily in heavy industry.
e. closed the gap between rich and poor.

A

Henry Ford's contribution to the automobile industry was
a. installment credit buying of cars.
b. the internal combustion engine.
c. an enormous variety of automobile models with varied colors and styles.
d. design changes that improved speed.
e. relatively cheap automobiles.

E

The first Atalkie motion picture was
a. The Great Train Robbery.
b. The Birth of a Nation.
c. The Wizard of Oz.
d. Gone With the Wind.
e. The Jazz Singer.

E

Automobiles, radios, and motion pictures
a. were less popular than had been anticipated.
b. contributed to the standardization of American life.
c. had little impact on traditional life-styles and values.
d. were for the most part too expensive for ordinary working families.
e. strengthened American family life.

B

Marcus Garvey, founder of the United Negro Improvement Association, is known for all of the following except
a. promoting the resettlement of American blacks in Africa.
b. establishing the idea of the talented tenth to lead African Americans.
c. cultivating feelings of self-confidence and self-reliance among blacks.
d. being sent to prison after a conviction for fraud.
e. promoting black-owned businesses.

B

Buying stock "on margin" meant
a. purchasing only a few shares.
b. purchasing inexpensive stock.
c. purchasing little-known stock.
d. purchasing risky stock.
e. purchasing it with a small down payment.

E

As secretary of the treasury, Andrew Mellon placed the tax burden on the
a. middle-income groups.
b. wealthy.
c. lower class.
d. business community.
e. estate taxes.

A

Warren G. Harding's weaknesses as president included all of the following except a (n)

a. lack of political experience.
b. mediocre mind.
c. inability to detect moral weaknesses in his associates.
d. unwillingness to hurt people's feelings by saying no.
e. administrative weakness.

A

Republican economic policies under Warren G. Harding

a. sought to continue the same laissez-faire doctrine as had been the practice under William McKinley.
b. hoped to encourage the government actively to assist business along the path to profits.
c. sought to regulate the policies of large corporations.
d. aimed at supporting increased competition in business.
e. aided small business at the expense of big business.

B

The 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact

a. formally ended World War I for the United States, which had refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
b. set a schedule for German payment of war reparations.
c. established a battleship ratio for the leading naval powers.
d. condemned Japan for its unprovoked attack on Manchuria.
e. outlawed war as a solution to international rivalry.

E

The Teapot Dome scandal involved the corrupt mishandling of

a. naval oil reserves.
b. funds for veterans' hospitals.
c. the budget for the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
d. European war-debt payments.
e. presidential pardons.

A

During Coolidge's presidency, government policy was set largely by the interests and values of

a. farmers and wage earners.
b. the business community.
c. racial and ethnic minorities.
d. progressive reformers.
e. conservative New Englanders.

B

One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was

a. overproduction.
b. the inability to purchase modem farm equipment.
c. passage of the McNary-Haugen Bill.
d. the prosecution of cooperatives under antitrust laws.
e. drought and insects like the boll weevil.

A

The Progressive party did not do well in the 1924 election because

a. it could not win the farm vote.
b. too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform.
c. it was too caught up in internal discord.
d. the liberal vote was split between it and the Democratic Party.
e. La Follette could not win the Socialists' endorsement.

B

America's major foreign-policy problem in the 1920s was addressed by the Dawes Plan, which

a. ended the big-stick policy of armed intervention in Central America and the Caribbean.
b. established a ratio of allowable naval strength between the United States, Britain, and Japan.
c. condemned the Japanese aggression against Manchuria.
d. aimed to prevent German re-armament.
e. provided a solution to the tangle of war-debt and war reparations payments.

E

As a result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930,

a. American industry grew more secure.
b. duties on agricultural products decreased.
c. American economic isolationism ended.
d. campaign promises to labor were fulfilled.
e. the worldwide depression deepened.

E

President Herbert Hoover believed that the Great Depression could be ended by doing all of the following except

a. providing direct aid to the people.
b. directly assisting businesses and banks.
c. keeping faith in the efficiency of the industrial system.
d. continuing to rely on the American tradition of rugged individualism.
e. lending federal funds to feed farm livestock.

A

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was established to

a. provide direct economic assistance to labor.
b. make loans to businesses, banks, and state and local governments.
c. outlaw "yellow dog" (antiunion) contracts.
d. provide money for construction of dams on the Tennessee River.
e. lend money for federal public works projects.

B

The Bonus Expeditionary Force marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand

a. the removal of American troops from Nicaragua.
b. an expanded American army and navy.
c. immediate full payment of bonus payments promised to World War I veterans.
d. punishment for those who had forced unemployed veterans to leave Washington, D.C.
e. housing and health care assistance for veterans.

C

President Hoover's public image was severely damaged by his

a. decision to abandon the principle of "rugged individualism."
b. construction of "Hoovervilles" for the homeless.
c. agreement to provide a federal dole to the unemployed.
d. refusal to do anything to try to solve the Great Depression.
e. handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army.

E

Franklin Roosevelt's __________ contributed the most to his development of compassion and strength of will.

a. education
b. domestic conflicts with Eleanor Roosevelt
c. family ties with Teddy Roosevelt
d. affliction with infantile paralysis
e. service in World War I

D

The most vigorous "champion of the dispossessed"- that is, the poor and minorities- in Roosevelt administration circles was

a. Harold Ickes.
b. Alfred E. Smith.
c. Eleanor Roosevelt.
d. Frances Perkins.
e. Henry A. Wallace

C

The Democratic party platform on which Franklin Roosevelt campaigned for the presidency in 1932 called for

a. a balanced budget.
b. deficit spending.
c. higher tariffs.
d. radical social reforms.
e. breaking up monopolistic corporations.

A

In 1932 Franklin Roosevelt campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression by

a. nationalizing all banks and major industries.
b. mobilizing America's youth as in wartime.
c. returning to the traditional policies of laissez-faire capitalism.
d. continuing the policies already undertaken by President Hoover.
e. experimenting with bold new programs for economic and social reform.

E

The phrase "Hundred Days" refers to

a. the worst months of the Great Depression.
b. the time it took for Congress to begin acting on President Roosevelt's plans for combating the Great Depression.
c. the first months of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency.
d. the "lame-duck" period between Franklin Roosevelt's election and his inauguration.
e. the time that all banks were closed by FDR.

C

One striking new feature of the 1932 presidential election results was that

a. the South had shifted to the Republican party.
b. Democrats made gains in the normally Republican Midwest.
c. urban Americans finally cast more votes than rural Americans.
d. "clear Agender gap" opened up in which more women favored the Democrats.
e. African Americans shifted from their Republican allegiance and became a vital element in the Democratic party.

E

While Franklin Roosevelt waited to assume the presidency in early 1933, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to commit to

a. maintaining a balanced federal budget.
b. renewal of the extremely high Hawley-Smoot Tariff.
c. an anti-inflationary policy that would make much of the New Deal impossible.
d. appointing some Republicans to his cabinet.
e. a policy of not offering direct welfare to the unemployed.

C

The Works Progress Administration was a major __________ program of the New Deal; the Public Works Administration was a __________ long-range program; and the Social Security Act was a ___________ major program.

a. relief; recovery; reform
b. reform; recovery; relief
c. recovery; relief; reform
d. relief; reform; recovery
e. reform; relief; recovery

A

When Franklin Roosevelt assumed the presidency in March 1933,

a. Congress refused to grant him any legislative authority.
b. he knew exactly what he wanted to do.
c. he received unprecedented congressional support.
d. he wanted to make as few mistakes as possible.
e. he at first proceeded cautiously.

C

The Glass-Steagall Act

a. took the United States off the gold standard.
b. empowered President Roosevelt to close all banks temporarily.
c. created the Securities and Exchange Commission to regulate the stock exchange.
d. permitted commercial banks to engage in Wall Street financial dealings.
e. created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure individual bank deposits.

E

The most immediate emergency facing Franklin Roosevelt when he became president in March 1933 was

a. a chaotic banking situation.
b. the national debt.
c. the need to silence demagogic rabble-rousers such as Huey Long.
d. the collapse of international trade.
e. the farm crisis.

A

Franklin Roosevelt's initial "managed currency" policy aimed to

a. stimulate inflation.
b. reduce the price of gold.
c. restore confidence in banks.
d. reduce the amount of money in circulation.
e. shake up the Federal Reserve Board.

A

The __________ was probably the most popular New Deal program; ___________ the was one of the most complex; and the __________ was the most radical.

a. Works Progress Administration; Agricultural Adjustment Act; Civilian Conservation Corps
b. Agricultural Adjustment Act; Public Works Administration; Tennessee Valley Authority
c. National Recovery Act; Tennessee Valley Authority; Social Security Act
d. Civilian Conservation Corps; National Recovery Act; Tennessee Valley Authority
e. Social Security Act; Civilian Conservation Corps; Works Progress Administration

D

President Roosevelt's chief "administrator of relief" was

a. George Norris.
b. John L. Lewis.
c. Mary McLeod Bethune.
d. Harold Ickes.
e. Harry Hopkins.

E

Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana gained national popularity by

a. advocating social justice for all.
b. blaming Jews for the Depression.
c. making Louisiana a model for ordinary citizens.
d. supporting a $200-a-month old-age pension.
e. promising to give every family $5,000.

E

Prominent female social scientists of the 1930s like Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead brought widespread contributions to the field of

a. economics.
b. political science.
c. psychology.
d. sociology.
e. anthropology.

E

The National Recovery Act (NRA) failed largely because

a. businesses resisted regulation by the agency.
b. it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, and the public.
c. Harold Ickes, the head of the agency, proved to be an incompetent administrator.
d. it did not provide enough protection for labor to bargain with management.
e. the agency did not have enough power to control business.

B

The first Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raised the money that it paid to farmers not to grow crops by

a. raising the tariff.
b. imposing a tax on the sale of farms.
c. selling government surplus grain.
d. increasing taxes on the wealthy.
e. taxing processors of farm products.

E

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) proposed to solve the "farm problem" by

a. reducing agricultural production.
b. subsidizing American farm exports overseas.
c. encouraging farmers to switch to industrial employment.
d. helping farmers to pay their mortgages.
e. creating farm cooperatives.

A

Both ratified in the 1930s, the Twentieth Amendment __________; the Twenty-first Amendment __________.

a. shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration; ended prohibition
b. limited a president to two complete terms in office; repealed the Eighteenth Amendment
c. rendered most New Deal programs unconstitutional; limited a president to two complete terms in office
d. ended prohibition; shortened the time between presidential election and inauguration
e. expanded the size of the Supreme Court; ended prohibition

A

All of the following contributed to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s
except

a. dry-farming techniques.
b. drought.
c. farmers' failure to use steam tractors and other modern equipment.
d. the cultivation of marginal farmlands on the Great Plains.
e. soil erosion.

C

In 1935, President Roosevelt set up the Resettlement Administration to

a. help farmers migrate from Oklahoma to California.
b. place unemployed industrial workers in areas where their labor was needed.
c. move Indians from land that could be farmed by victims of the Dust Bowl.
d. find jobs for farmers in industry.
e. help farmers who were victims of the Dust Bowl move to better land.

E

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 attempted to

a. reverse the forced assimilation of Native Americans into white society by establishing tribal self-government.
b. encourage Native Americans to give up their land claims.
c. reinforce the Dawes Act of 1887.
d. pressure Native Americans to renounce self-government.
e. define clearly which tribes were federally recognized.

A

Most Dust Bowl migrants headed to

a. Oklahoma.
b. Arizona.
c. Nevada.
d. Oregon.
e. California.

E

Most "Okies" in California escaped the deprivation and uncertainty of seasonal farm labor when they

a. acquired farms in the San Joaquin Valley.
b. found work in the canning industry.
c. found jobs in defense industries during World War II.
d. joined the armed forces in World War II.
e. formed evangelical religious communes.

C

The Federal Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Commission aimed to

a. halt the sale of stocks on margin (i.e. with borrowed funds).
b. force stockbrokers to register with the federal government.
c. prevent interlocking directorates and business "pyramiding" schemes.
d. provide full disclosure of information and prevent insider trading and other fraudulent practices.
e. enable the Chicago Board of Trade to compete with the New York Stock Exchange.

D

On the following, the one least related to the other three is

a. the Securities and Exchange Commission.
b. the Tennessee Valley Authority.
c. George W. Norris.
d. Muscle Shoals.
e. hydroelectric power.

A

The federally-owned Tennessee Valley Authority was seen as a particular threat to

a. the entire capitalist system.
b. the Republican party.
c. the automobile industry.
d. the private electrical utility industry.
e. white southern racial practices.

D

The strongest criticisms leveled against the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) drew criticism was that it

a. lacked government control.
b. produced electricity inefficiently.
c. primarily benefited the South.
d. did not take account of environmental conditions.
e. represented the first stage of "creeping socialism."

E

The most controversial aspect of the Tennessee Valley Authority was its efforts in

a. electrical power.
b. flood control.
c. soil conservation.
d. reforestation.
e. resettlement of poor farmers.

A

The Social Security Act of 1935 provided all of the following except

a. unemployment insurance.
b. old-age pensions.
c. economic provisions for the blind and disabled.
d. support for the blind and physically handicapped.
e. health care for the poor.

E

The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a trail blazing law that

a. gave labor the right to bargain collectively.
b. established the NRA.
c. established the Social Security system.
d. authorized the Public Works Administration (PWA).
e. guaranteed housing loans to workers.

A

The National Labor Relations Act proved most beneficial to

a. employers.
b. skilled workers.
c. the unemployed.
d. trade associations.
e. unskilled workers.

E

The primary interest of the Congress of Industrial Organizations was

a. the effective enforcement of "yellow dog" contracts.
b. the organization of trade unions.
c. the maintenance of "open shop" industries.
d. the organization of all workers within an industry.
e. maintaining existing wage levels.

D

The 1936 election was most notable for

a. a strong third-party effort by the American Liberty League.
b. its reflection of a bitter class struggle between the poor and the rich.
c. the large number of blacks who still voted Republican out of gratitude to Abraham Lincoln.
d. Roosevelt's loss of support among post-immigration Catholics and Jews.
e. the strong race run by Kansas Governor Alfred Landon.

B

President Roosevelt's "Court-packing" scheme in 1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme Court

a. more conservative.
b. more independent of Congress.
c. more sympathetic to New Deal programs.
d. less burdened with appellate cases.
e. more respectful of the Constitution's original intent.

C

After Franklin Roosevelt's failed attempt to "pack" the Supreme Court,

a. Roosevelt was unable to make any changes in the Court.
b. the Democrats lost the next election in 1940.
c. Congress permanently set the number of justices at nine.
d. much New Deal legislation was ruled unconstitutional.
e. the Court began to support New Deal programs.

E

As a result of the 1937 "Roosevelt recession,"

a. Roosevelt backed away from further economic experiments.
b. Social Security taxes were reduced.
c. Republicans gained control of the Senate in 1938.
d. Roosevelt adopted Keynesian (planned deficit spending) economics.
e. much of the early New Deal was repealed.

D

During the 1930s,

a. the Great Depression forced President Roosevelt to trim the size of the federal bureaucracy.
b. the states regained influence over the economy.
c. businesspeople eventually came to admire President Roosevelt's New Deal programs.
d. the New Deal substantially closed the gap between production and consumption in the American economy.
e. the national debt doubled.

E

By 1938, the New Deal

a. had lost most of its momentum.
b. turned more toward direct relief than social reform.
c. had plainly failed to achieve its objectives.
d. had won over the majority of business people to its policies.
e. was prepared to embark on ambitious new initiatives.

A

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal was most notable for

a. ending the Great Depression.
b. providing moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism.
c. undermining state and local governments.
d. aiding big cities at the expense of farmers.
e. attacking the American capitalist system.

B

Throughout most of the 1930s, the American people responded to the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, and Japan by

a. assisting their victims with military aid.
b. giving only economic help to the targets of aggression.
c. beginning to build up their military forces.
d. demanding an oil embargo on all warring nations.
e. retreating further into isolationism.

E

Fascist aggression in the 1930s included Mussolini's invasion of __________, Hitler's invasion of __________, and Franco's overthrow of the republican government of __________.

a. Egypt; France; Poland
b. Albania; Italy; Austria
c. Ethiopia; Czechoslovakia; Spain
d. Belgium; the Soviet Union; France
e. Ethiopia; Norway; Portugal

C

By the mid-1930s, there was strong nationwide agitation for a constitutional amendment to

a. increase the size of the Supreme Court.
b. limit a president to two terms.
c. ban arm sales to foreign nations.
d. require the president to gain Congressional approval before sending U.S. troops overseas.
e. forbid a declaration of war by Congress unless first approved by a popular referendum.

E

Passage of the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 by the United States resulted in all of the following except

a. abandonment of the traditional policy of freedom of the seas.
b. a decline in the navy and other armed forces.
c. making no distinction whatever between aggressors and victims.
d. spurring aggressors along their path of conquest.
e. balancing the scales between dictators and U.S. allies by trading with neither.

E

The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war,

a. Americans would be prohibited from sailing on the ships of the warring nations.
b. America would sell arms and war materials only to the victim of aggression.
c. American bankers would be allowed to make loans to only one of the warring nations.
d. the United States intended to uphold the tradition of freedom of the seas.
e. U.S. diplomats and civilians would be withdrawn from both warring nations.

A

From 1925 to 1940 the transition of American policy on arms sales to warring nations followed this sequence:

a. embargo to lend-lease to cash-and-carry.
b. cash-and-carry to lend-lease to embargo.
c. lend-lease to cash-and-carry to embargo.
d. embargo to cash-and-carry to lend-lease.
e. lend-lease to embargo to cash-and-carry.

D

America's neutrality during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 allowed

a. Hitler to conquer Spain.
b. the Loyalists to win the war.
c. Roosevelt and Franco to become personal friends.
d. the Soviets to aid the Spanish republic.
e. Spain to become a fascist dictatorship.

E

Franklin Roosevelt's sensational "Quarantine Speech" in 1937 resulted in

a. a belief in Europe that America would stop Fascist aggression.
b. a wave of protest by isolationists.
c. support from both Democratic and Republican leaders.
d. a slowing of Japanese aggression in China.
e. a modification of the Neutrality Acts.

B

In September 1938 in Munich, Germany,

a. Britain and France consented to Germany's taking the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
b. Hitler declared his intention to take Austria.
c. Hitler signed the Axis Alliance Treaty with Japan.
d. Britain and France acquiesced to the German reoccupation of the Rhineland.
e. Britain and France declared that an invasion of Poland would mean war.

A

In 1938 the British and French bought peace with Hitler at the Munich Conference by effectively handing over the nation of

a. Poland.
b. Danzig.
c. Austria.
d. Belgium.
e. Czechoslovakia.

E

Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union,

a. Britain and France signed a similar agreement.
b. the Soviets attacked China.
c. Germany invaded Poland and started World War II.
d. Italy signed a similar agreement with the Soviets.
e. the Germans invaded Finland.

C

The first casualty of the 1939 Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty was

a. Poland.
b. Czechoslovakia.
c. Austria.
d. Belgium.
e. the Jews.

A

Which of the following nations was not conquered by Hitler's Germany between September 1939 and June 1940?

a. Norway
b. the Netherlands
c. France
d. Poland
e. Finland

E

Probably the greatest obstacle to America's acceptance of more Jewish refugees from Europe was

a. a failure of moral imagination and belief that the Holocaust could actually be happening.
b. internal tensions between German-Jewish and eastern European Jewish communities in the United States.
c. the restrictive Immigration Act of 1924.
d. inadequate means for getting refugees from Europe to the United States.
e. the general belief that most Jews wanted to create a new state of Israel.

C

The U.S. military refused to bomb Nazi gas chambers such as those at Auschwitz and Dachau because of the belief that

a. bombing would kill the Jews kept there.
b. bombing would divert essential military resources.
c. the military was unsure of the gas chambers' location.
d. such attacks would not seriously impede the killing of Jews.
e. all of the above.

B

During the 1930s, the United States admitted __________ Jewish refugees from Nazism.

a. about one million
b. almost no
c. nearly six million
d. about 150,000
e. only highly educated

D

Congress's first response to the unexpected fall of France in 1940 was to

a. revoke all the neutrality laws.
b. expand naval patrols in the Atlantic.
c. enact a new neutrality law enabling the Allies to buy American war materials on a cash-and-carry basis.
d. call for the quarantining of aggressor nations.
e. pass a conscription law.

E

America's neutrality effectively ended when

a. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
b. Germany attacked Poland.
c. the conscription law was passed in 1940.
d. France fell to Germany.
e. Italy "stabbed France in the back.

A

In 1940, in exchange for American destroyers, the British gave the United States

a. "most favored nation" status.
b. a role in developing the atomic bomb.
c. eight valuable naval bases in the Western hemisphere.
d. access to German military codes.
e. six air bases in Scotland and Iceland.

C

By 1940 American public opinion had come to favor

a. the America First position.
b. active participation in the war.
c. permitting U.S. volunteers to fight in Britain.
d. shipping Britain everything except military weapons.
e. providing Britain with "all aid short of war."

E

The surprise Republican presidential nominee in 1940 was

a. Wendell L. Willkie.
b. Robert A. Taft.
c. Thomas E. Dewey.
d. Alfred E. Landon.
e. Charles A. Lindbergh.

A

Franklin Roosevelt was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by his

a. personal desire to defeat his old political rival, Wendell Willkie.
b. belief that America needed his experienced leadership during the international crisis.
c. mania for power.
d. opposition to Willkie's pledge to restore a strict policy of American neutrality.
e. belief that the two-term tradition limited democratic choice.

B

The 1941 lend-lease program was all of the following except

a. a focus of intense debate between internationalists and isolationists.
b. a direct challenge to the Axis dictators.
c. the point when all pretense of American neutrality was abandoned.
d. the catalyst that caused American factories to prepare for all-out war production.
e. another privately arranged executive deal, like the destroyers-for-bases trade.

E

When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the United States

a. promised aid to the Soviets but did not deliver.
b. refused to provide any help, either military or economic.
c. gave only nonmilitary aid to Russia.
d. made lend-lease aid available to the Soviets.
e. sent U.S. ships to Soviet naval bases.

D

In 1940, Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie avoided deepening the sharp divisions among the American people when he

a. avoided attacking the New Deal.
b. refused to raise the racial issue.
c. declined to criticize Roosevelt for seeking a third term
d. avoided attacking the draft.
e. avoided attacking Roosevelt for his increasingly interventionist policies.

A

After the Greer was fired upon, the Kearny crippled, and the Reuben James sunk,

a. Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act.
b. the United States Navy began escorting merchant vessels carrying lend-lease shipments.
c. Congress allowed the arming of United States merchant vessels.
d. Congress forbade United States ships to enter combat zones.
e. Roosevelt told the public that war was imminent.

C

Japan believed that it was forced into war with the United States because Franklin Roosevelt insisted that Japan

a. withdraw from the Dutch East Indies.
b. withdraw from China.
c. renew its trade with America.
d. break its treaty of nonaggression with Germany.
e. find alternative sources of oil.

B

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 came as a great surprise because

a. President Roosevelt suspected that if an attack came, it would be in Malaysia or the Philippines.
b. no American officials suspected that Japan might start a war with the United States.
c. Japanese communications were in a secret code unknown to the United States.
d. the United States was, at the time, Japan's main source of oil and steel.
e. it was believed that Japan had insufficient aircraft carriers to reach Hawaii.

A

On the eve of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, a large majority of Americans

a. were beginning to question the increased aid given to Britain.
b. still wanted to keep the United States out of war.
c. accepted the idea that America would enter the war.
d. did not oppose Japan's conquests in East Asia.
e. were ready to fight Germany but not Japan.

B

Arrange these events in chronological order:

(A) Munich Conference
(B) German invasion of Poland
(C) Hitler-Stalin nonaggression treaty

a. A, C, B
b. B, C, A
c. C, B, A
d. C, A, B
e. A, B, C

A

Arrange the following events in chronological order:

(A) fall of France
(B) Atlantic Conference
(C) Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union

a. B, A, C
b. A, B, C
c. C, B, A
d. A, C, B
e. C, A, B

D

Overall, most ethnic groups in the United States during World War II

a. were further assimilated into American society.
b. were not allowed to serve in the military.
c. had their patriotism questioned as in World War I.
d. cast their vote for Republican candidates opposed to the war.
e. served in ethnically distinct military units.

A

Japanese Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II

a. due to numerous acts of sabotage.
b. in retaliation for the placement of Americans in concentration camps by the Japanese.
c. as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear.
d. because many were loyal to Japan.
e. all of the above.

C

During World War II, the United States government commissioned the production of synthetic __________ in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in East Asia.

a. textiles
b. rubber
c. tin
d. fuels
e. plastics

B

While most American workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the

a. Teamsters.
b. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
c. Longshoremen's International Union
d. United Mine Workers.
e. Industrial Workers of the World.

D

Once at war, America's first great challenge was to

a. pass a conscription law.
b. raise an army and navy.
c. extend aid to the Soviet Union.
d. develop atomic weapons.
e. retool its industry for all-out war production.

E

The employment of more than six million women in American industry during World War II led to

a. equal pay for men and women.
b. a greater percentage of American women in war industries than anywhere else in the world.
c. the establishment of day-care centers by the government.
d. a reduction in employment for black males.
e. a strong desire of most women to work for wages.

C

African Americans did all of the following during World War II except

a. fight in integrated combat units.
b. rally behind the slogan "Double V" (victory over dictators abroad and racism at home).
c. move north and west in large numbers.
d. form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality.
e. serve in the Army Air Corps.

A

During World War II , most Americans economically experienced

a. serious hardships due to rationing of essential goods.
b. prosperity and a doubling of personal income.
c. a continuing struggle to find employment.
d. growing class conflict between the wealthy and the working class.
e. prosperity in the cities but disastrous conditions on farms and in small towns.

B

During World War II, American Indians

a. demanded that President Roosevelt end discrimination in defense industries.
b. rarely enlisted in the armed forces.
c. moved south to replace African American laborers.
d. moved off reservations in large numbers.
e. promoted recovery of tribal languages.

D

The national debt increased most during

a. Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal.
b. Herbert Hoover's administration.
c. World War II.
d. World War I.
e. the 1920s.

C

Most of the money raised to finance World War II came through

a. tariff collections.
b. excise taxes on luxury goods.
c. raising income taxes.
d. voluntary contributions.
e. borrowing.

E

The first naval battle in history in which all the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of

a. Leyte Gulf.
b. the Java Sea.
c. the Coral Sea.
d. Midway.
e. Iwo Jima

C

The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of

a. Leyte Gulf.
b. Bataan and Corregidor.
c. the Coral Sea.
d. Midway.
e. Guadalcanal.

D

In waging war against Japan, the United States relied mainly on a strategy of

a. heavy bombing from Chinese air bases.
b. invading Japanese strongholds in Southeast Asia.
c. fortifying China by transporting supplies from India over the Himalayan "hump."
d. "island hopping" across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds.
e. turning the Japanese flanks in New Guinea and Alaska.

D

The conquest of in 1944 was especially critical, because from there Americans could conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands.

a. Guadalcanal
b. Wake Island
c. New Guinea
d. Okinawa
e. Guam

E

Until spring 1943, perhaps Hitler's greatest opportunities of defeating Britain and winning the war was

a. the possibility of a successful invasion across the English Channel.
b. that German U-boat would destroy Allied shipping.
c. the defeatism of pro-Fascist elements within upper-class British society would.
d. that General Rommel would conquer Egypt and the Suez Canal.
e. that the American-British-Soviet alliance would collapse.

B

Hitler's advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of __________, after which his fortunes gradually declined.

a. the Bulge
b. Stalingrad
c. Monte Cassino
d. Britain
e. El Alamein

B

The Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 because

a. they hoped that Germany and the Soviet Union would cripple each other.
b. men and material were needed more urgently in the Pacific.
c. the Soviet Union requested a delay until it could join the campaign.
d. they believed that North Africa was more strategically vital.
e. of British reluctance and lack of adequate resources.

E

President Roosevelt's promise to the Soviets to open a second front in western Europe by the end of 1942

a. was fulfilled by the invasion of North Africa.
b. was made to deceive Stalin and encourage him to slow his army's movement into Eastern Europe.
c. strongly supported by Churchill and British military leaders.
d. utterly impossible to keep.
e. the key goal to which all American military efforts were directed

D

The major consequence of the Allied conquest of Sicily in August 1943 was

a. a modification of the demand for unconditional surrender of Italy.
b. the overthrow of Mussolini and Italy's unconditional surrender
c. the swift Allied conquest of the Italian peninsula.
d. a conflict between Churchill and General Eisenhower over the invasion of the Italian mainland.
e. the threat of a Communist takeover of the Italian government.

B

After the Italian surrender in August 1943,

a. the Allies found it easy to conquer Rome and the rest of Italy.
b. the Soviets accepted the wisdom of delaying the invasion of France and pursuing the second front in Italy.
c. the British demanded the restoration of the monarchy in Italy.
d. the Americans withdrew from Italy to prepare for D-Day.
e. the German army poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance.

E

The real impact of the Italian front on World War II may have been that it

a. delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into Eastern Europe.
b. prevented the rise of fascism or communism in Italy after the war.
c. enabled the Americans to appease both British and Soviet strategic demands.
d. enabled the United States to prevent Austria and Greece from falling into Soviet hands.
e. destroyed the monastery of Monte Cassino and other Italian artistic treasures.

A

The cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in
Europe was commanded by General

a. George Patton.
b. Dwight Eisenhower.
c. Douglas MacArthur.
d. Bernard Montgomery.
e. Omar Bradley.

B

As a result of the Battle of Leyte Gulf,

a. Japan stalled an Allied victory.
b. Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey lost his first naval engagement.
c. Japan was nearly able to take Australia.
d. the United States could bomb Japan from land bases.
e. Japan was finished as a naval power.

E

The Potsdam conference

a. determined the fate of Eastern Europe.
b. brought France and China in as part of the "Big Five."
c. concluded that the Soviet Union would enter the war in the Pacific.
d. was Franklin Roosevelt's last meeting with Churchill and Stalin.
e. issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed.

E

The spending of enormous sums on the original atomic bomb project was spurred by the belief that

a. a nuclear weapon was the only way to win the war.
b. the Germans might acquire such a weapon first.
c. the Japanese were at work on an atomic bomb project of their own.
d. scientists like Albert Einstein might be lost to the war effort.
e. the American public would not tolerate the casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan.

B

The "unconditional surrender" policy toward Japan was finally modified by

a. assuring the Japanese that there would be no "war crimes" trials.
b. guaranteeing that defeated Japan would be treated decently by American occupiers.
c. agreeing not to drop more than two atomic bombs on Japan.
d. agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne.
e. permitting the Japanese to retain a strong army but no real navy.

D

Which of the following was not among the qualities of the American participation in World War II?

a. a group of highly effective military and political leaders
b. an enormously effective effort in producing weapons and supplies
c. a higher percentage of military casualties than any other Allied nation
d. the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from the air
e. the maintenance and re-affirmation of the strength of American democracy

C

At the wartime Teheran Conference,

a. the Soviet Union agreed to declare war on Japan within three months.
b. the Big Three allies agreed to divide postwar Germany into separate occupied zones.
c. the Soviet Union agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European nations that its armies occupied at the end of the war.
d. plans were made for the opening of a second front in Europe.
e. it was agreed that five Big Powers would have veto power in the United Nations.

D

Americans feared that the end of World War II would bring
a. heightened racial tensions.
b. a return of the Great Depression.
c. moral and religious decline.
d. continued fascist resistance in Germany.
e. a new war with the Soviet Union.

B

The Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by
a. outlawing strikes by public employees.
b. creating a serious inflationary spiral.
c. banning labor's political action committees.
d. outlawing "closed" (all-union) shops.
e. forbidding union organizers to enter workplaces

D

The passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated by
a. fear of postwar veterans' protests.
b. memories of the mistreatment of the veterans' Bonus Army in the 1930s.
c. fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans.
d. a desire to expand the social diversity of American colleges and universities.
e. the need of American business for a more highly educated workforce.

C

One striking consequence of the postwar economic boom was
a. the continued exclusion of most women from the workplace.
b. the growing split between urban and rural America.
c. the growing concentration of wealth at the top of society.
d. a vast expansion of the home owning middle class.
e. the growth of blue-collar employment.

D

Since 1945, population in the United States has grown most rapidly in the
a. Northeast.
b. Midwest.
c. Sunbelt.
d. Frostbelt.
e. Pacific Northwest.

C

The refusal of the Federal Housing Authority to grant home loans to blacks contributed to
a. the growth of savings and loan institutions exclusively for blacks.
b. driving many blacks into public housing.
c. the development of exclusively black suburbs.
d. a decline in black migration to the cities.
e. all of the above.

E

In early 1945, the United States was eager to have the Soviet Union participate in the projected invasion of Japan because
a. the communists would be so busy in Asia that they could commit no mischief in Europe.
b. without Soviet help, the Japanese could not be defeated.
c. Soviet help could reduce the number of American casualties.
d. Roosevelt believed that Stalin could help to control the communists in China.
e. the Soviets could help control the Chinese communists.

C

The origins of the Cold War lay in a fundamental disagreement between the United States and the Soviet Union over postwar arrangements in
a. North Africa.
b. East Asia.
c. the Middle East.
d. the Third World.
e. Eastern Europe.

E

When the Soviet Union denied the United States, Britain, and France access to Berlin in 1948, President Truman responded by
a. asking the United Nations to intervene.
b. denying the Soviets access to West Germany.
c. declaring that an "iron curtain" had descended across Central Europe.
d. organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin.
e. sending an armed convoy to Berlin.

D

Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States pledged to
a. refrain from polarizing the world into pro-Soviet and pro-American camps.
b. maintain prosperity in America after World War II.
c. give very limited assistance to nations fighting communism.
d. support those who were resisting subjugation by communists.
e. work to liberate the "captive nations" of Eastern Europe.

D

President Truman's Marshall Plan called for
a. military supplies for Britain and France.
b. substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe.
c. economic aid for Japan.
d. foreign aid for Third World countries to resist communism.
e. an alliance to contain the Soviet Union.

B

The United States' participation in NATO
a. reaffirmed our long-standing commitment to the defense of Europe.
b. marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism.
c. reduced the need for increased military spending.
d. helped to resolve the problem of Germany.
e. all of the above.

E

Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist government lost the Chinese civil war to the communists and Mao Ze-dong mainly because
a. Jiang lost the support and confidence of the Chinese people.
b. the United States failed to give Jiang enough aid.
c. Mao received much assistance from the Soviet Union.
d. communists within the Truman administration undermined Jiang's efforts.
e. the communists were closer to traditional Chinese culture.

A

In an effort to detect communists within the federal government, President Harry Truman established the
a. Committee on Un-American Activities.
b. Central Intelligence Agency.
c. Smith Act.
d. McCarran Internal Security Act.
e. Loyalty Review Board.

E

President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur from command of United Nations troops in Korea when
a. MacArthur continued to lose crucial battles.
b. MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel and entered North Korea.
c. the Chinese entered the Korean War after MacArthur said they would not.
d. MacArthur began to take issue publicly with presidential policies.
e. MacArthur began to mock Truman for being only a captain in the army.

D

Which of the following was not true of the changing nature of work in the 1950s?
a. science and technology drove economic growth.
b. there were fewer jobs in the military-related aerospace industry.
c. white collar workers were surpassing blue collar workers in numbers.
d. labor unions reached a peak and then began to decline.
e. job opportunities were opening to women in the white collar work force.

B

In an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws and the segregated system that they had created, African Americans used all of the following methods except
a. economic boycotts.
b. legal attacks on underpinnings of segregation in the courts.
c. appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice.
d. mobilization of black churches on behalf of black rights.
e. use of the nonviolent tactics of Mohandas Gandhi.

C

In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court
a. declared that the concept of separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional.
b. upheld its earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.
c. rejected desegregation.
d. supported the ADeclaration of Constitutional Principles issued by Congress.
e. ordered immediate and total integration of all American schools.

A

On the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower
a. had demanded the integration of the armed forces as early as 1948.
b. publicly endorsed the 1954 Supreme Court school desegregation decision.
c. vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
d. had advised against integrating the armed forces.
e. admired the Christian philosophy of Martin Luther King.

D

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an outgrowth of the
a. antiwar movement of the 1960s.
b. black power movement of the 1960s.
c. ban-the-bomb movement of the 1950s.
d. Civil Rights Act of 1957.
e. A sit-in movement launched by young southern blacks

E

The Eisenhower-promoted public works project that was far larger and more expensive than anything in Roosevelt's New Deal was
a. the interstate highway system
b. the Grand Coulee dam project.
c. the St. Lawrence seaway.
d. the airport construction program.
e. the public housing system.

A

During his presidency, Dwight Eisenhower accepted the principle and extended the benefits of
a. federal health care programs.
b. the Tennessee Valley Authority.
c. deficit spending.
d. racial equality.
e. the Social Security system.

E

As the French fortress of Dienbienphu was about to fall to Ho Chi Minh's communist forces in 1954, President Eisenhower
a. agreed to send small military units to aid the French.
b. relied on the advice of Vice President Nixon and Secretary of State Dulles.
c. sought a compromise settlement at Geneva.
d. refused to permit any American military involvement.
e. threatened nuclear attack on the Vietnamese communists.

D

In 1956, when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the United States under Dwight Eisenhower
a. sent money to the rebels.
b. quickly recognized the new Hungarian government.
c. refused to admit any Hungarian refugees.
d. gave only outdated military equipment to the Hungarian freedom fighters.
e. did nothing to help to defeat the communists.

E

In 1956 the United States condemned ___________ as the aggressors in the Suez Canal crisis.
a. Egypt and Jordan
b. the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact members
c. Israel and Turkey
d. Lebanon and Syria
e. Britain and France

E

During the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency engineered pro-American political coups in both
a. Iran and Guatemala.
b. Iraq and Nicaragua.
c. Lebanon and El Salvador.
d. Libya and Costa Rica.
e. Egypt and Cuba.

A

The Suez crisis marked the last time in history that the United States could
a. use the threat of nuclear war to win concessions.
b. criticize Israel's foreign policy.
c. condemn its allies for their actions in the Middle East.
d. invoke the Eisenhower Doctrine.
e. use its oil weapon to make foreign policy demands.

E

The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of __________ that wanted help to resist communist aggression.
a. Southeast Asia
b. Africa
c. Central and Eastern Europe
d. the Middle East
e. Latin America

D

In response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957,
a. Harry Truman condemned the Republicans for allowing a scientific gap to occur.
b. the federal government began spending millions of dollars to improve American science and language education.
c. the United States spent nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement.
d. the Republican party took responsibility for the fact that the United States had fallen behind the Soviets in this area of scientific discovery.
e. scientists blamed America=s slowness on poor math and science education in the schools.

B

The factor that may well have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was
a. his age.
b. his religion.
c. his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon.
d. President Eisenhower=s heavy loss of popularity in his last two years in office.
e. his family

C

Two postwar American fiction writers who explored the problems and anxieties of affluence were
a. John Updike and John Cheever
b. Joseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut.
c. Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller.
d. Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin.
e. Eudora Welty and Flannery O=Connor.

A

After World War II ended, most American women

A pressed for full equality in the workplace.

B pursued college education or formal job training.

C worked full time outside the home.

D cared for their families and did not work outside the home.

E held part-time jobs in relatively poorly paid occupations.

D

The impact of mass media on religion was reflected in the rise of religious televangelists like

A Billy Graham and Oral Roberts

B Betty Friedan and Josephine Baker

C Jackie Robinson and Paul Robeson

D David Riesman and John Kenneth Galbraith

E Joseph McCarthy and Richard Nixon

A

Which of these were NOT among the aspects of 1950's popular culture that conservatives found troubling?

A Marilyn Monroe

B Novels such as The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit

C Rock 'n roll music

D Playboy magazine

E Elvis Presley

B

The Beat Generation can be described in all the following ways except

A they formed the protest culture of the late 1950s and early 1960s.

B in founding their own movement, the hippies later rejected many of the Beat notions.

C they promoted interest in bebop jazz and Eastern religious mysticism.

D they embraced sexual liberation.

E their name came from the term "beatnik," meant as a Cold War insult.

B

Before he became vice president and then president of the United States, Lyndon Johnson had exercised great power as

a.

secretary of defense.

b.

Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.

c.

a wealthy Texas businessman.

d.

governor of Texas.

e.

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

B

President Johnson proved to be much more successful than President Kennedy at

a.

getting his legislation passed by Congress.

b.

exciting the ideals and spirit of his fellow citizens.

c.

reducing America's overseas commitments.

d.

gaining the admiration and support of the media.

e.

appealing to America's European Allies

A

President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals the

a.

Great Crusade.

b.

Fair Deal.

c.

New Frontier.

d.

Johnson Revolution.

e.

Great Society.

E

Besides eliminating segregation and racial discrimination in public facilities and employment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included a provision that

a.

laid the foundation for busing to achieve integration.

b.

prohibited sexual as well as racial discrimination.

c.

established the principle of affirmative action in college admissions.

d.

protected the rights of Latino immigrants to speak Spanish in schools.

e.

protected gays against discrimination in employment.

B

The War on Poverty was inspired by

a.

the sickness and dire conditions President Johnson witnessed in the mining regions of Appalachia.

b.

Michael Harrington's book The Other America.

c.

increasing public faith that an affluent nation such as America should be able to end poverty.

d.

None of these

e.

All of these

E

With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

a.

the United States declared war on Vietnam.

b.

Congress handed the president a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.

c.

the military was given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons.

d.

Congress maintained its war-declaring power.

e.

the goals of American military involvement in Vietnam were clear.

B

Voters supported Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election because of their

a.

loyalty to the Kennedy legacy.

b.

faith in the Great Society promises.

c.

fear of the Republican nominee, Barry Goldwater.

d.

trust in Johnson's Vietnam policy.

e.

All of these

E

Lyndon Johnson gained strong support for federal aid to education by

a.

making sure that the funds would flow primarily to needy students.

b.

guaranteeing that no aid would be given to Catholic schools.

c.

sidestepping the controversy over parochial schools by channeling aid directly to students.

d.

focusing on improving educational quality rather than racial integration.

e.

directing funds toward higher education only.

C

All of the following programs were created by Lyndon Johnson's administration except

a.

the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities.

b.

Project Head Start.

c.

the Peace Corps.

d.

Medicare.

e.

the Office of Economic Opportunity.

C

In the final analysis, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs

a.

did no good at all.

b.

actually increased the poverty rate.

c.

proved that poverty could not be papered over with greenbacks.

d.

won some noteworthy battles in education and health care.

e.

received more money than they could effectively spend.

D

The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the following except

a.

creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

b.

prohibiting discrimination based on gender.

c.

banning sexual as well as racial discrimination.

d.

banning racial discrimination in most private facilities open to the public.

e.

requiring affirmative action against discrimination.

E

As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

a.

fewer Asians came to the United States.

b.

the number of immigrants entering the country was reduced.

c.

the racial and ethnic makeup of the country was unchanged.

d.

sources of immigration tilted to Eastern Europe.

e.

sources of immigration shifted to Latin America and Asia.

E

The common use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters in the South was outlawed by the

a.

Civil Rights Act of 1964.

b.

Voting Rights Act of 1965.

c.

Twenty-Fourth Amendment.

d.

War on Poverty.

e.

Twenty-Fifth Amendment.

E

The militant African American leader who most directly challenged Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goal of peaceful integration was

a.

Medgar Evers.

b.

Malcolm X.

c.

Fannie Lou Hamer.

d.

Marcus Garvey.

e.

Ralph Abernathy.

B

The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict by bringing into constant, direct conflict

a.

Americans and Israelis.

b.

Israel and Saudi Arabia.

c.

Israel and the United States on the one hand and the Arabs and the Soviet Union on the other.

d.

the Israeli government and Jewish settlers on the West Bank.

e.

Israelis and Palestinians.

E

The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam policy

a.

came with the bombing of Cambodia.

b.

occurred when Defense Secretary Robert McNamara resigned.

c.

was the Tet offensive of 1968.

d.

occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee held public hearings on the war.

e.

came with the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the United States.

C

The attempt to nominate an antiwar Democratic candidate for president in 1968 suffered a crippling blow when

a.

Senator Eugene McCarthy withdrew from the race before the Democratic convention.

b.

Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California primary.

c.

pro-war vice president Hubert Humphrey won the Oregon and California primaries.

d.

militant leftist demonstrators at the Chicago convention caused a backlash in favor of Humphrey.

e.

public opinion turned back in favor of the war after the Tet offensive.

B

Former vice president Richard Nixon essentially won the 1968 presidential election by

a.

promising to escalate the Vietnam War and win a decisive victory there.

b.

repudiating Goldwater conservatives and running as a liberal Republican.

c.

re-asserting the Republican party's historic commitment to civil rights and civil liberties.

d.

arguing that the Vietnam War had been a mistake from the beginning.

e.

exploiting Democratic divisions and appealing to moderately conservative law and order sentiment.

E

The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay liberation in 1969 was

a.

the Mattachine Society headquarters (Los Angeles).

b.

Fire Island, New York.

c.

Key West, Florida.

d.

Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana).

e.

the Stonewall Inn (New York City).

E

Richard Nixon's policy of détente
a. was designed to improve relations between the Soviet Union and China.
b. was aimed at ending the division of Germany and Korea.
c. was a failure.
d. found support in the Democratic party but not the Republican party.
e. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions between the United States and the two leading communist powers, China and the Soviet Union.

E