a very enduring form of synaptic plasticity is called

long-term potentiation (LTP)

during resting state of action potential…

both sodium and potassium channels are deactivated

during depolarization of the action potential

sodium channels get activated

T/F: at the level of the ventral trigeminothalamic tract, pain fibers are generally crossed

True

Mr. John Thomas experiences visceral pain around the upper left lung. All of the following carry this nociceptive information except:

answer choices:

somatic nerves

paleospinothalamic tract

sympathetic nerves

neospinothalamic tract

neospinothalamic tract

what activates the PAG to exert its effects?

Noxious stimulation excites neurons in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (RGC). The nucleus RGC innervates both the PAG and NRM. The PAG sends axons to NRM, and neurons in NRM send their axons to the spinal cord.

Make the best match between the 1° somatosensory axon type and the sensations carried by the axon.

Dull, burning pain

select the best answer: electrical stimulation of the posterior paracentral lobe will result in the perception of a somatosensory stimulus at the…

foot

during hyperpolarization of action potential…

Both sodium and potassium channels are activated

the Melsack-Wall gate theory refers to

non-noxious input suppresses pain at the spinal cord

During repolarization of an action potential

sodium channels get deactivated

T/F: the gate control theory is that painful input closes the gate to painful input, which results in prevention of the pain sensation from traveling to the CNS

False

T/F: common dermatome hypothesis: when pain is referred, it is usually to a structure that developed from the same embryonic segment or dermatome as the structure in which the pain originates

True

the first order nociceptive neurons of the archispinothalamic tract make synaptic connections in the

rexed layer II (substantia gelatinosa)

the spinal trigeminal pathway terminates in all the following cortical areas except…

intralaminar nuclei

match the receptor and the adaptation

…

____ has been used to study pain pathways and psychosomatic pain centers

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

The opioid peptides modulate nociceptive input in two ways

1) block neurotransmitter release by inhibiting Ca²⁺ influx into the presynaptic terminal

OR

2) open potassium channels, which hyperpolarizes neurons and inhibits spike activity. they act on various receptors in the brain and spinal cord

___ is characterized by widespread chronic pain throughout the body, including fatigue, anxiety, and depression. It is now believed that it has a genetic component which tends to run in families.

Fibromyalgia

stroke or occlusion in thalamogeniculate artery, which supplies the lateroposterior half of the thalamus, can result in…

thalamic pain

T/F: neurogenic pain is a sharp, shooting, and devastating pain. It is a persistent pain that arises from functional changes occurring in the CNS secondary to peripheral nerve injury.

False

The circuit that consists of the ______ contributes to the descending pain suppression pathway, which inhibits incoming pain information at the spinal cord level.

periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter in the upper brain stem, the locus coeruleus (LC), the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (RGC)

_____ is the experience of pain without any signals from nociceptors

Phantom pain

Match the receptor and the signal

…

three classes of opioid receptors have been identified, all of the following except:

answer choices:

mu

delta

kappa

alpha

alpha

match the receptor and its type

…