front 1 Checks and Balances | back 1 System where each branch of gov. can limit the powers of the other branches |
front 2 Commerce Clause | back 2 Give Congress the power to regulate interstate and international commerce (Article I, Section 8) |
front 3 Conservative Ideology | back 3 Political belief in limited gov., free markets, individual liberties, and traditional values |
front 4 Due Process | back 4 Constitutional guarantee of fair and legal procedures (5th and 14th Amendments) |
front 5 Federalism | back 5 Division of power between national and state governments |
front 6 Fiscal Policy | back 6 Government policy related to taxation and spending to influence the economy |
front 7 Iron Triangle | back 7 The relationship among bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees |
front 8 Judicial Activism | back 8 Philosophy that the courts should actively interpret the Constitution to reflect contemporary conditions |
front 9 Judicial Restraint | back 9 Philosophy that courts should defer to elected branches and avoid making policy |
front 10 Judicial Review | back 10 The power of the courts to declare laws and executive actions unconstitutional (established by Marbury v. Madison) |
front 11 Liberal Ideology | back 11 Political belief in active gov., social equality, and individual rights |
front 12 Monetary Policy | back 12 Gov. control of the money supply and interest rates, usually managed by the Federal Reserve |
front 13 Necessary and Proper Clause | back 13 Grants Congress the power to make all laws needed to carry out its duties (Article I, Section 8) |
front 14 Original Intent | back 14 Interpretation of the Constitution based on what the framers meant at the time it was written |
front 15 Prior Restraint | back 15 Gov. action that prohibits speech or other expression before it can take place; generally unconstitutional |
front 16 Purse Power | back 16 Congress's ability to influence policy by controlling spending and funding |
front 17 Rule of Law | back 17 Principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law |
front 18 Selective Incorporation | back 18 Process by which parts of the Bill of Rights are applied to the states through the 14th Amendment |
front 19 Separation of Powers | back 19 Division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power |
front 20 Sovereignty | back 20 The authority of a state to govern itself or another state |
front 21 Supremacy Clause | back 21 Establishes that the Constitution and federal laws take precedence over state laws (Article VI) |