B vitamins as coenzymes?

All of the B vitamins are coenzymes essential for proper functioning of enzymes involved in the metabolism of the energy-yielding nutrients. Without these coenzymes, the reactions that produce ATP cannot proceed.

How B vitamins act as coenzymes?

Step 1: The vitamin combines with a chemical group to form the functional coenzyme (active form)
Step 2: The functional coenzyme combines with the incomplete enzyme to form the active enzyme
Step 3: The active enzyme binds to one or more molecules and accelerates the
chemical reaction to form one or more new molecules
Step 4: The new molecules are released and the enzyme and coenzyme (vitamin)
can be reused or separated

Function of thiamin (B1)

T - Transmits nerve signals (Needed for synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter)
R - Ribose production(Helps make RNA via ribose synthesis)
A - Amino acid & sugar metabolism(Used in breaking down certain sugars and
amino acids)
P - Pyruvate ’ Acetyl-CoA(Critical for energy metabolism by converting pyruvate to
acetyl-CoA)

What is the active form of thiamin?

Thiamin pyrophosphate which is a coenzyme for reactions in which a carbon is lost from larger molecules as carbon dioxide.

Disease related to thiamin deficiency and reasons for deficiency?

The diseases are BeriBeri and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Two types of Beri
Beri are dry and wet. Dry Beri Beri is neurological symptoms such as lethargy,
fatigue, and loss of muscle strength. Wet Beri Beri causes cardiovascular problems
such as rapid heartbeat, enlargement of the heart, and congestive heart failure.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a neurological condition often developed from thiamin deficient alcoholics.

Foods where Riboflavin (B2) is found?

Peanuts, Pork, Beef, Trout, Chicken, Dairy, fruits and vegetables, and whole and
enriched grains.

What does Riboflavin have to
do with light?

It is destroyed by light, Exposure to light can cause an "off" favor in the milk and
losses of vitamin A and D.
Ribo=no light show

What does the
active coenzyme
form of Riboflavin do?

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) functions in the citric acid cycle and is important for the breakdown of fatty acids. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and (FAD) both function as electron carriers in the electron transport chain.

What is the function of Niacin (B3)?

It is important in the production of ATP from the energy-yielding nutrients as well
as in reactions that synthesize other molecules. (two forms: nicotinic acid and
nicotinamide)

What are the two active coenzyme forms of Niacin?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADP). NAD functions in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, accepting released electrons and passing them on to the electron transport chain where their energy is trapped and used to convert ADP to ATP. NADP acts as an electron carrier in reactions that synthesize fatty acids and cholesterol.

How is Niacin synthesized in the body?

from the essential amino acid tryptophan.

What is a Niacin deficiency?

Pellagra which includes early symptoms include fatigue, decreased appetite, and
indigestion. Also the three D's which are dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. "your
gonna need an NP to get you some B3 before you get the 3 D's"

Roles of Biotin in the body?

It is a coenzyme for a group of enzymes that adds the acid group COOH to molecules. Functions in energy metabolism because it is needed to make a four carbon molecule necessary in the citric acid cycle and in gluconeogenesis. Important in the synthesis of fatty acids and some amino acids.

How is Biotin related to Avidin and where is it found?

Avidin is a protein in raw egg white that binds biotin and prevents its absorption.

What are the roles of Pantothenic acid?

-Part of CoA ’ breaks down glucose, fats, amino acids
-Needed for making neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, hemoglobin
-Supports cholesterol & fatty acid synthesis (via acyl carrier protein)

What does Pantothenic acid form?

Coenzyme A

Roles of B6 in the body?

-Break down amino acids (deamination)---Helps make nonessential Amino acids
(transamination)
-Needed to make neurotransmitters from amino acids (BAN together for B6)

What else is B6 referred to as?

Also referred to as Pyridoxine. Comprises a group of compounds including pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. All can be converted into the active coenzyme form. "if you want the triple P you've got to give em the 6th B"

What is the active coenzyme form of B6?

Pyridoxal phosphate is needed for the activity of more than 100 enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins.

What is the Deficiency of B6?

Neurological symptoms include depression, headaches, confusion, numbness, and tingling in the extremities, and seizures. Anemia also occurs when B6 is deficient due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis. other symptoms are poor growth, skin lesions, and decreased antibody formation.

Deficiency in Folate (Folic acid) results in?

Neural tube defects, when neural tube closure does not occur normally, portions
of the brain or spinal cord are not fully developed or adequately protected.

Types of neural tube defects?

Anencephaly affects the brain. Spina bifida affects the spine.

Populations that have higher needs of folate?

Women of child bearing age.

How is B12 absorbed, what is needed for absorption and where is it found?

-Vitamin B12 absorption starts in the stomach, where acid and pepsin free it from food. B12 then binds to R-protein for protection. In the small intestine, pancreatic enzymes release B12, allowing it to bind to Intrinsic Factor. This complex travels to the ileum
-intrinsic factor is needed for absorption.
-Found in animal foods & fortifed products

Who might need supplemental Vitamin B12?

Vegans, older adults, people with pernicious anemia, people with atrophic gastritis, and pregnant and lactating women that are vegan.

What increases Vitamin C's needs?

- Smokers due to oxidative stress from cigarette smoke (recommended to take 35
mg more per day)

-Pregnancy and lactation, to support fetal development and milk production
-Individuals with limited fruit and vegetable intake, such as older adults or those
consuming nutrient-poor diets
-People with chronic illnesses or conditions that affect nutrient absorption

What happens when Vitamin C is deficient?

-Scurvy which has several symptoms including: Swollen, bleeding gums, loose
teeth, easy bruising and bleeding under the skin, joint pain, weakness, and poor
wound healing. (Scurvy occurs when intake is below 10 mg/day for a prolonged period).
-Weakened connective tissue, due to impaired collagen synthesis
-Anemia, from decreased iron absorption and blood loss
-Depression and hysteria, as psychological symptoms

What is Vitamin C's main job?

Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin essential for:
-Collagen synthesis: Helps form strong, cross-linked collagen for healthy skin,
gums, bones, and blood vessels.
-Antioxidant protection: Neutralizes free radicals, preventing oxidative damage to
cells.
-Iron absorption: Enhances absorption of non-heme iron by keeping it in a usable
form.
-Tissue repair: Supports wound healing and maintains connective tissue strength.
-Immune function: Protects immune cells from oxidative stress and supports im￾mune defense.

What does Bioavailability mean?

How easily a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body. It depends on whether the
vitamin is fat- or water-soluble, if it needs help from transport proteins, and if it
must be changed into its active form. Fat-soluble vitamins need fat to be absorbed,
while water-soluble ones often need energy or carrier proteins.

What is required for fat soluble vitamin absorption?

bile and dietary fat

How are fat soluble vitamins transported or what are they transported in?

fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) are transported with lipids through the lymphatic system in chylomicrons before entering the bloodstream.