Pyelonephritis usually is caused by
A. Enterobacter aerogenes.
B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
C. Streptococcus pyogenes.
E. Escherichia coli.
D. Proteus spp.

E. Escherichia coli.

The most common reservoir for leptospirosis within the United States is
A. rats.
B. humans.
C. water.
D. domestic dogs.
E. domestic cats.

D. domestic dogs

Which one of the following is NOT primarily a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?
A. gonorrhea
B. genital herpes
C. bacterial vaginosis
D. lymphogranuloma venereum
E. chancroid

C. bacterial vaginosis

Which one of the following is treated with penicillin?
A. trichomoniasis
B. candidiasis
C. syphilis
D. genital herpes
E. genital warts

C. syphilis

Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?
A. syphilis – gram-negative spirochete
B. gonorrhea – gram-negative cocci
C. trichomoniasis – fungus
D. Gardnerella – clue cells
E. chancroid – gram-negative rod

C. trichomoniasis – fungus

One form of NGU is lymphogranuloma venereum caused by
A. Treponema pallidum.
B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
C. Candida albicans.
D. Chlamydia trachomatis.
E. Leptospira interrogans.

D. Chlamydia trachomatis.

All of the following can cause congenital infection or infections of the newborn EXCEPT
A. syphilis.
B. nongonococcal urethritis.
C. genital herpes.
D. gonorrhea.
E. pyelonephritis.

E. pyelonephritis.

Which one of the following recurs at the initial site of infection?
A. genital herpes
B. syphilis
C. gonorrhea
D. LGV
E. chancroid

A. genital herpes

Which one of the following is diagnosed by detection of antibodies against the causative agent?
A. syphilis
B. gonorrhea
C. nongonococcal urethritis
D. candidiasis
E. lymphogranuloma venereum

A. syphilis

Nongonococcal urethritis can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT
A. Trichomonas vaginalis.
B. streptococci.
C. Candida albicans.
D. Mycoplasma homini.
E. Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

E. Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Which of the following is caused by an opportunistic pathogen?
A. genital herpes
B. chancroid
C. trichomoniasis
D. candidiasis
E. gonorrhea

D. candidiasis

The pH of the adult vagina is acidic due to the conversion of ________ to ________ by bacteria.
A. glycogen; lactic acid
B. mucosal cells; lactic acid
C. protein; acetic acid
D. urine; lactic acid
E. glucose; ethanol

A. glycogen; lactic acid

A "clean" urine sample collected directly from the urinary bladder of a healthy individual
A. contains fewer than 100 pathogens/ml.
B. contains fewer than 10,000 pathogens/ml.
C. should be largely devoid of common skin microbiota.
D. contains more than 100,000 pathogens/ml.
E. has leukocyte esterase.

C. should be largely devoid of common skin microbiota

Most nosocomial infections of the urinary tract are caused by
A. Enterococcus.
B. Escherichia coli.
C. Pseudomonas.
D. Proteus.
E. Klebsiella.

B. Escherichia coli.

Which of the following is NOT an antimicrobial feature of the urinary system?
A. flushing action of urine
B. physiological valves found in the ureter
C. the use of the urethra for movement of seminal fluid in women
D. pH of the urine
E. None of the answers is correct; all of these are antimicrobial features of the urinary system.

C. the use of the urethra for movement of seminal fluid in women

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor to cystitis in females?
A. sexual intercourse
B. the proximity of the anus to the urethra
C. poor personal hygiene
D. the length of the urethra
E. None of the answers is correct; all of these are predisposing factors.

E. None of the answers is correct; all of these are predisposing factors.

The most common reportable disease in the United States is
A. gonorrhea.
B. syphilis.
C. candidiasis.
D. cystitis.
E. lymphogranuloma venereum.

A. gonorrhea.

Which of the following is NOT a complication of gonorrhea?
A. arthritis
B. meningitis
C. endocarditis
D. pelvic inflammatory disease
E. None of the answers are correct; all of these are potential complications of gonorrhea.

E. None of the answers are correct; all of these are potential complications of gonorrhea.

Which of the following is the most difficult to treat with chemotherapeutic agents?
A. syphilis
B. genital herpes
C. gonorrhea
D. trichomoniasis
E. leptospirosis

B. genital herpes

Vaginal itching and cheesy discharge are symptoms of
A. genital herpes.
B. Gardnerella vaginosis.
C. candidiasis.
D. lymphogranuloma venereum.
E. trichomoniasis.

C. candidiasis.

Recurring vesicles on the surface of human skin are symptoms of
A. genital herpes.
B. lymphogranuloma venereum.
C. candidiasis.
D. trichomoniasis.
E. Gardnerella vaginosis.

A. genital herpes.

Leukocytes at the infected site are a symptom of
A. lymphogranuloma venereum.
B. candidiasis.
C. Gardnerella vaginosis.
D. genital herpes.
E. trichomoniasis.

E. trichomoniasis.

Which one of the following is caused by Chlamydia?
A. Gardnerella vaginosis
B. lymphogranuloma venereum
C. trichomoniasis
D. candidiasis
E. genital herpes

B. lymphogranuloma venereum

A positive LE test and greater than 100 CFU/ml of a single species in urine indicates
A. pyelonephritis.
B. cystitis.
C. urethritis.
D. gonorrhea.
E. genital herpes.

A. pyelonephritis.

Which of the following diseases causes a skin rash, hair loss, malaise, and fever?
A. genital herpes
B. trichomoniasis
C. NGU
D. syphilis
E. gonorrhea

D. syphilis

Staphylococcus saprophyticus causes
A. vaginitis.
B. pyelonephritis.
C. gonorrhea.
D. cystitis.
E. syphilis.

D. cystitis.

Which one of the following statements about genital warts is FALSE?
A. It is transmitted by direct contact.
B. It is caused by papillomaviruses.
C. Lesions are always precancerous.
D. It can lead to cervical cancer in women.
E. It can be treated by removing them.

C. Lesions are always precancerous.

The most common NGU in the United States is treated with
A. penicillin.
B. doxycycline.
C. AZT.
D. acyclovir.
E. cephalosporins.

B. doxycycline.

Which one of the following statements about pelvic inflammatory disease is FALSE?
A. It can be transmitted sexually.
B. It can be caused by C. trachomatis.
C. It can be caused by N. gonorrhoeae.
D. It can be caused by T. pallidum.
E. It can cause sterility and chronic pain.

D. It can be caused by T. pallidum.

Which one of the following genera of microorganisms causes gonorrhea?
A. Ureaplasma
B. Mycoplasma
C. Neisseria
D. Chlamydia
E. None of the answers is correct; all of these cause gonorrhea.

C. Neisseria

Infants born to asymptomatic mothers with recurrent genital herpes are less likely to acquire herpesvirus at birth than infants born to newly infected mothers because
A. maternal antibodies offer protection.
B. the disease is not communicable.
C. prophylactic antibiotics are administered to the newborn.
D. the virus is not growing.
E. the disease cannot be transmitted to newborns.

A. maternal antibodies offer protection.

Which of the following is greater?
A. the number of reported cases of gonorrhea last year
B. the number of reported cases of AIDS last year
C. The number of reported cases of gonorrhea and AIDS are likely equal.

A. the number of reported cases of gonorrhea last year

A patient presents with fever and extensive lesions of the labia minora. Her VDRL test was negative. What is the most likely treatment?
A. miconazole
B. cephalosporins
C. metronidazole
D. acyclovir
E. No treatment is available.

D. acyclovir

A patient is experiencing profuse greenish-yellow, foul-smelling discharge from her vagina. She is complaining of itching and irritation. What is the most likely treatment?
A. metronidazole
B. miconazole
C. cephalosporins
D. acyclovir
E. No treatment is available.

A. metronidazole

A 25-year-old man presented with fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms, and feet. Which one of the following causative agents is most likely to cause these symptoms?
A. Nesseria
B. HPV
C. Candida
D. Treponema
E. HSV-2

D. Treponema

A 25-year-old man presented with fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms, and feet. Which of the following will be most useful for a rapid diagnosis?
A. serological test for antibodies
B. microscopic examination of blood
C. bacterial culture
D. serological test for antigen
E. viral culture

A. serological test for antibodies

A 25-year-old man presented with fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms, and feet. Diagnosis was based on serological testing. The patient then reported that he had an ulcer on his penis two months earlier. What stage of disease is the patient in?
A. secondary
B. tertiary
C. primary
D. NGU

A. secondary

A 25-year-old male presented with fever, malaise, and a rash on his chest, arms, and feet. Diagnosis was based on serological testing. The patient then reported that he had an ulcer on his penis two months earlier. This disease can be treated with
A. surgery.
B. metronidazole.
C. penicillin.
D. acyclovir.
E. miconazole.

C. penicillin.

A pelvic examination of a 23-year-old woman showed vesicles and ulcerated lesions on her labia. Cultures were negative for Neisseria and Chlamydia; the VDRL test was negative. Which treatment is appropriate?
A. metronidazole
B. penicillin
C. miconazole
D. acyclovir
E. surgery

D. acyclovir

A pelvic examination of a 23-year-old woman showed vesicles and ulcerated lesions on her labia. Cultures were negative for Neisseria and Chlamydia; the VDRL test was negative. Which of the following is probable?
A. genital herpes
B. NGU
C. gonorrhea
D. candidiasis
E. syphilis

A. genital herpes

Which of the following is treated with cephalosporins because the organism is resistant to penicillin and fluoroquinolones?
A. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
B. Mycoplasma hominis
C. Treponema pallidum
D. Gardnerella vaginalis
E. Haemophilus ducreyi

A. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which one of the following is a STI that may be confused with syphilis due to its ulcer formation on the genitalia?
A. candidiasis
B. chancroid (soft chancre)
C. gonorrhea
D. leptospirosis
E. nongonococcal urethritis

B. chancroid (soft chancre)

The causative agent of chancroid is
A. HSV-2.
B. Haemophilus ducreyi.
C. Treponema pallidum.
D. HPV.
E. Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

B. Haemophilus ducreyi.

There are many types of HPV, and the available vaccines don't (can't) cover all of them. However, the vaccine is still recommended for helping to control the disease caused by the virus. Why?
A. The vaccine covers strains frequently associated with development of cancerous states.
B. The protection initiated against some strains of the virus gives cross-protection to a lesser extent against all HPV strains.
C. The vaccine specifically and only provides protection against HPV types that produce genital warts.
D. The vaccine gives cross-protection against bacterial STIs.

A. The vaccine covers strains frequently associated with development of cancerous states

Which one of the following is an effective means of treatment for genital warts?
A. cryotherapy
B. surgery
C. nine-valent vaccination
D. podofilox and imiquimod gels
E. acyclovir

D. podofilox and imiquimod gels

In the United States, approximately how many people over the age of 30 are infected with HSV-2?
A. approximately 25%
B. 5-10%
C. approximately 75%
D. 1-3%
E. 90%

A. approximately 25%