The alternating movement of contraction of muscle layers in the GIT wall that propels materials through the tract:

Peristalsis.

The cell-type of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion:

Enterocytes (simple columnar epithelial cells).

The transporters of lipid molecules that are absorbed from the GI tract:

Chylomicrons.

The thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis that controls movement of materials through the GIT:

Sphincter (e.g., the pyloric sphincter or the esophageal sphincter).

The type of receptor within the GI tract wall that detects stretch:

Mechanoreceptors.

The GIT part that secretes the hormone secretin:

Duodenum (specifically the S cells).

The type of secretion cholecystokinin is classified as, and the part of the GIT that releases it

Hormone, released by I cells in the duodenum.

From a list of secretions, select the one that is considered a primary digestive system hormone:

Gastrin (produced by G cells in the stomach).

The layer of the serous membrane that directly covers the surface of internal organs:

Visceral peritoneum.

From a group of various lists of terms, select the one that progresses from the most superficial structure to the deepest:

Serosa (outermost), muscularis (muscle layer), submucosa (connective tissue layer), mucosa (innermost layer).

The name of the peritoneal fold that supports the large intestine:

Mesocolon.

The name of the peritoneal fold that attaches the liver to the anterior internal body wall:

Falciform ligament.

The first layer a surgeon needs to cut in order to make a small incision in the wall of the jejunum:

Serosa (the outermost layer of the jejunum).

The correct order for the layers of the GI tract wall, from innermost to outermost:

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis (circular and longitudinal muscle layers), serosa/adventitia.

For the majority of the GIT tract, name the layer(s) of the wall that contain smooth muscle:

Muscularis (specifically the circular and longitudinal muscle layers).

The layer(s) of the wall of the GIT that contain a nerve plexus:

• Submucosa and muscularis (specifically the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus).

The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion:

Mouth.

The type of epithelium that lines the majority of the oral cavity:

Stratified squamous epithelium.

The name of an enzyme that is found within saliva:

Salivary amylase.

Another name of the inferior esophageal sphincter:

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or cardiac sphincter.

Stenosis (constriction) of the pyloric sphincter would interfere with what event:

The passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum (leading to vomiting and delayed gastric emptying).

Manufacturers advertise that their product shuts down the "acid-producing pumps" in the stomach. Name the gastric gland cells that the manufacturers were referring to:

Parietal cells (which secrete hydrochloric acid).

Name the bones that form the hard palate:

Maxilla and palatine bones.

The primary function of the lysozyme found within saliva:

Antibacterial action (it helps break down bacterial cell walls).

Which of the types of secretory cells in the gastric glands secrete pepsinogen:

Chief cells

The phase of digestion that involves the thought, smell, and sight of food:

Cephalic phase.

The location (layer) of Brunner's duodenal glands that secrete viscous mucus into the small intestine:

Submucosa of the duodenum.

What “segmentation” within the small intestine refers to:

Localized contractions of the circular muscle layer

The structures that increase the surface area in the small intestine:

Villi, microvilli, and plicae circulares.

The correct sequence of the regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end:

Duodenum → Jejunum → Ileum.

The correct order for the list of structures of the large intestine, from cecum to rectum:

Cecum → Ascending colon → Transverse colon → Descending colon → Sigmoid colon → Rectum.