Instructions for Side by Side Printing
- Print the notecards
- Fold each page in half along the solid vertical line
- Cut out the notecards by cutting along each horizontal dotted line
- Optional: Glue, tape or staple the ends of each notecard together
Ento exam 3
front 1 Intact, well preserved specimen used as reference | back 1 voucher specimen |
front 2 How terminology affects interpretation? | back 2 it can be affected due to how people might use PMI, TOC, PCI |
front 3 Important sections that should always be included in case reports | back 3 ferences-Title - analyst contact info - Contact of investigator -Instructions received - Case information - Summary of insect evidence (sorting treatment, labels, chain of custody, preservative, storage conditions, rearing conditions) -Weather station/environmental conditions (supplemental file, distance between remains and weather station) -identification of species -TOC -case summary - Declaration -signature, accreditation |
front 4 Steps to find ADD | back 4 -Find average temp (max+min/2) -Find DD (mean temp-min threshhold) -Add up all the DD values |
front 5 Steps to calculate TOC | back 5 -Find ADD for climate -look at temperature aver. and compare to developmental chart - Find DH( hourly avg.temp-threshold temp x hours spent) -Calculate DD ( DH/24) -Add up all DD hours and compare Climate data to development data |
front 6 -Communication with non-scientists -should be scientific but no contradictions -fact based -only speak on entomological evidence | back 6 Writing to the correct audience |
front 7 - A written, voluntary declaration of fact or opinion - statement entered into evidence | back 7 Affidavit |
front 8 - a testimony out of the court but under oath in response to questions posed by attorneys for the opposing side - done during the discovery process - case report | back 8 Depositions |
front 9 -convey facts to jury - offer opinion (expert) -represent science being discussed -avoid bias | back 9 Courtroom testimony |
front 10 -USA system allows for confrontation -Opposing experts offer opinion -rely on jury to draw conclusions | back 10 Opposing experts |
front 11 who makes up the jury? | back 11 -peers -12 individuals - selected by attorneys -Education and background -people in similar life as person being convicted |
front 12 Social stereotype about certain groups of people the individuals form outside their own conscious awareness | back 12 unconscious bias (explicit bias) |
front 13 the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or strengthens one's prior personal beliefs or hypotheses | back 13 Confirmation bias |
front 14 Think about the message extensively (details) | back 14 Central processing |
front 15 Overview of message (short-cut) partially driven by emotion/attractiveness | back 15 peripheral processing |
front 16 -testimony of experts -if scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise | back 16 Rule 702 |
front 17 -general acceptance principle -has to be accepted by the general scientific community -broader, 1st standard to deal with legal admissibility in court | back 17 Frye standard |
front 18 Trial judge is the "gatekeeper," but additional standards -question validity of scientific evidence | back 18 Daubert standards |
front 19 What 4 criteria for Daubert standard? | back 19 -Evaluation of known error rates, testable, published in peer peer-reviewed journal, and accepted by a specific scientific community |
front 20 What is the solution to cases without evidence of maggot mass/maggot mass temperature not being recorded? | back 20 -Acknowledge it and present estimate as range, not discrete number |
front 21 What is the solution when other temperatures affect insect development? | back 21 Morgue, air conditioning, etc. (if duration/temp. is known, account for it) if not, acknowledge it an present estimate as range |
front 22 To avoid cherry-picking development data to fit a narrative, what should you do? | back 22 Use ADD, present estimate as range, and have a line of reasoning as to why you selected one data set over another |
front 23 An organism suitable for studying a specific trit, disease, or phenomenon, due to its short generation time, characterized genome, or similarity to humans | back 23 Model organisms |
front 24 What is the purpose of model organisms? | back 24 -Ease to rear/maintain - Fast generation time - Reproducibility - Inexpensive (yeast) - Ethical considerations lessened |
front 25 What makes pigs good substitutes for humans in decomposition studies? | back 25 -similarity to human structure - muscles -internal organs - genitourinary structures -blood vessels -Physcial characteristics - Anatomy, eyes, skin with hair, chest cavity, body mass range, gut microbiota |
front 26 What are the advantages of using pigs instead of humans? | back 26 -easy to replicate - less sensationlized research and relatively straightforward ethical considerations |
front 27 -difficult to replicate -dissimilar to each other in mass, age, sex, ethnicity, body conditions -limitations of taphonomy facilities like small area, uniform abiotic conditions, and non-natural conditions -ethical concerns -expensive, security, donations, replication difficult -limited locations | back 27 Limitations of body farms |
front 28 CO1 gene is a barcode that is from | back 28 mitochondrial DNA |
front 29 What are the drawbacks to DNA analysis? | back 29 -DNA can be easily destroyed -expensive -barcode might not be in data -can you afford to destroy the sample |
front 30 -Temperature -Humidity -Ecoregions -abiotic factors | back 30 Nurture |
front 31 -genetic variation within a species -genetic x environment | back 31 Nature |
front 32 (DNA makes RNA which makes proteins) - DNA transcription to RNA - RNA translated to proteins - DNA gets replicated | back 32 Central dogma |
front 33 -Decomposition slowed overall -head and legs sink, so torso can be open to colonization - algor mortis twice as fast - Cools 3-4 F per hour - water conducts heat better than air | back 33 Effects of submersion on corpses (decomposition) |
front 34 Submerged stages of decomposition | back 34 1. Submerged fresh 2. Early floating 3. Floating decay 4. Bloated deterioration 5. Floating remains 6. Sunken remains |
front 35 How does the body's skin react when submerged in water? | back 35 - color loss -hands, feet wrinkle after 10-12 hrs - skin and hair fall off after several days |
front 36 How does the body react when submerged in water? | back 36 - finger and toenails easily detachable -livor mortis may not appear - bloating usually takes 2x's as long |
front 37 How does the body's skeleton react when submerged in water? | back 37 - flesh broken down by microbes into a slime -skeletal collapse |
front 38 PMSI (Postmortem Submersion Interval) | back 38 Makes use of organisms which attach themselves to substrate -understand diff. between moving and still water organisms -Algae |
front 39 What insect families are associated with submerged remains? | back 39 - Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) -Trichoptera (hairy wings) (Caddisflies) - Diptera: Chironomidae (resemble mosquitos) - Diptera: Simuliidae (Black flies) blood feeders -Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae (Naiads) |
front 40 The burial effects of decomposition | back 40 -hinders the decay process due to oxygen reduction, soil compaction, and weather - 1 wk above=8 wks below -limited faunal succession (nature and depth dependent) |
front 41 What insects are associated with buried remains? | back 41 -Muscina stabulans - Synthesiomyia nudiseta - Phoridae - Rhizophagidae - Staphylinidae - beetles and ants |
front 42 How does wrapping a body impact colonization? | back 42 -delay or exculde taxa depending on how tight wrapping is - can affect decomposition rate |
front 43 Crow-Glassman scale CGS level 1: CGS level 2: CGS level 3: CGS level 4: CGS level 5: | back 43 -characteristics typical of smoke death - recognizable, but varying degrees of charring - major portions of arm and legs missing -skull fragmented and absent from body -cremated; little or no tissue present |
front 44 What insect activity occurs in CGS Level 1 and 2? | back 44 -fauna generally the same -level 2 of charred = earlier colonization |
front 45 What insect activity occurs in CGS Level 3 and 4? | back 45 -changes in faunal attraction (more attracted) |
front 46 What insect activity occurs in CGS Level 5? | back 46 -not much left to colonize -dermestes ater -no insect activity but has dermestids |
front 47 Insect survival on burned victims | back 47 -bugs around body where it was dead and insects within 10 cm of body were dead but able to be identified |
front 48 The study of measuring and analyzing potential toxins, intoxicating or banned substances, and prescription medications present in a person's body | back 48 Toxicology |
front 49 A big quantity of something ca become fatal | back 49 "the dose makes the poison" |
front 50 Why would we use insects in toxicology? | back 50 -serve as a reservoir of corpse material - may be present after corpse tissue is removed - leave lasting biological evidence |
front 51 When storing insect evidence for toxicology analysis, | back 51 -must be stored dry and tested as soon as possible |
front 52  | back 52 How immunoassays work |
front 53 What are impacts of toxins on insects? | back 53 -malformations -development rates - survival -fertility |
front 54 How does morphine affect insects? | back 54 delays pupation and development of insect development? |
front 55 how does cocaine affect insect developement? | back 55 it accelerates development |
front 56 how does acetominophen affect insect development? | back 56 increases maggot mass and cause them to seem up to 12 H older |
front 57 1. Act/structure produced by a signaler 2. Has to evolve to convey information to the receiver 3. signal elicits response in receiver 4. Response results in fitness consequences for signaler and receiver | back 57 4 requirements of a signal |
front 58 Anything used by one individual to be sent to another individual and is received | back 58 Signal |
front 59 Convey information, but aren't evolved for that purpose | back 59 Cues |
front 60 Signals that an emitter already does that the receiver then detects and evolves - receiver evolves to be better to detect cue | back 60 Signaler precursor |
front 61 Sensory bias from receiver that an emitter evolves to select - a sender exploits a sensory bias that the receiver already has - corpse flower attracts flies to polinate | back 61 Receiver precursor |
front 62 Chemicals that encode information or mediate interactions. can be a signal or cue | back 62 Semiochemicals |
front 63 -Communication between individuals of the same species | back 63 Intraspecific |
front 64 -Communication between different species | back 64 interspecific |
front 65 Only occur in intraspecific relationships | back 65 Pheromones |
front 66 Occurs only in interspecific relationships | back 66 Allelochemicals |
front 67 When temperatures are high, VOC is affected by | back 67 dispersing the smell |
front 68 When temperatures are freezing/cold, VOC is affected by | back 68 smell is compressed less colonization |
front 69 When windy, VOC is affected by | back 69 preventing colonization |
front 70 When raining, VOC is affected by | back 70 Having less flies colonizing |
front 71 Role of microbes in VOC production | back 71 -movement from dying resource to live resource - and limits competition by moving locations |