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29 notecards = 8 pages (4 cards per page)

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Insect Bio Exam 4

front 1

Movement of individuals from one place to another

back 1

Dispersal

front 2

benefits of dispersal

back 2

Escape from predation and unfavorable conditions.

Enables access to resources over a greater geographic range to reduce competition

front 3

Types of Dispersal

back 3

Passive Dispersal: Assistance from external sources or human-made structures

Active: Move from one location to another without assistance

front 4

Passive Dispersal leads to

Limitation where they have what? and a balance of

back 4

Little control over the destination and survivability

balance with high reproductive rate

front 5

Adapatations to capture wind currents such as long hair or silken thread

back 5

Ballooning behavior

front 6

Ballooning behavior characteristics

back 6

- Leave egg mass

- Climb to end of branch or shoot & drop down on silk strand

- Wait to be blown by wind to find suitable host

front 7

Active Dispersal Characterisitics

back 7

Increase the probability of finding suitable habitat

Normal mode for most insects

front 8

Adaptation for Locomotion is what?

back 8

Efficient locomotory appendages and energy, using specialized sensory and neuromuscular systems

front 9

Migration is considered what

back 9

specialized behavior

front 10

Migration types:

Uninterrupted flight patch

back 10

persistent movement

front 11

Migration Types:

Specific destination

back 11

Straight movement

front 12

Migration Types

separate from foraging behavior

back 12

unresponsive to most stimuli

front 13

Migration Type

physiological changes resulting in reallocation of resources

back 13

Observable pre- and post-migratory behaviors

front 14

Migration can occur across

back 14

multiple generations

front 15

This insect is considered a multigenerational migration?

back 15

green darner; migrated dragonfly in North America

front 16

Green Darner Adapative Strategy

back 16

Spreads reproductive effort across multiple, widely separated water bodies
• Lowers the risk of predation, competition and
drought

front 17

Multigenerational Migration

3 types of generations

back 17

First generation is migratory, emerges
between February and May and dies in North

Second generation emerges in North,
migrates South and dies

Third generation: offspring of migratory
individuals in fall, is non-migratory and
emerges in South in November

front 18

Migration

A suite of pre-migratory behaviors that predispose to long movement

back 18

Migratory syndrome

front 19

Migration Cost/Benefits

back 19

  • Migration begins before resource depletion, showing it’s anticipatory.
  • There’s a trade-off between migration and reproduction.
  • Energy is shifted from reproduction to fuel and muscle, reducing future reproductive ability.

front 20

Monarch Butterfly Migration

Characteristics

back 20

  • Triggered by photoperiod and temperature, not population density
  • Helps avoid harsh winters and follow milkweed availability
  • Caterpillars eat only milkweed; adults feed on various nectar sources during migration

front 21

Monarch Buttefly

Adaptations

back 21

  • Cluster for warmer microclimates, stay mostly inactive until spring
  • Females enter reproductive diapause (no egg production before migration)
  • Reproductive activity resumes before return trip; eggs laid on milkweed along the way

front 22

Monarch Butterfly Navigation

back 22

  • Monarchs use genetic memory to find ancestral sites
  • Navigate with a sun-based compass and circadian rhythms to adjust orientation

front 23

Monarch Butterfly Navigation Mechanisms

back 23

  • Use geographical features and landmarks for navigation
  • Follow chemical markers on plants left by past generations

front 24

Symbol of conservation in America:

back 24

Keystone species

Major threat:

Habitat destruction

front 25

Environmental
Constraints Issues

back 25

  • Habitat loss from overwintering site destruction and fewer host plants
  • Limited relocation ability due to reduced habitat
  • Insecticides/herbicides harm survival
  • Large-scale movement can lead to environmental damage

front 26

Migratory Locust

back 26

  • Orthoptera species example of migratory pest insect
  • Generalist herbivores (polyphagous), prefer cereals and grasses
  • Major agricultural pests
  • Show phenotypic plasticity—change behavior based on environment

front 27

Locust

back 27

  • Increased population density triggers locust phase change via leg stimulation
  • Serotonin release from seeing other locusts promotes aggregation

front 28

Swarm Formation of Locust

back 28

  • End of dry season and rapid plant growth boost grasshopper numbers
  • Overcrowding triggers shift to gregarious phase
  • Swarms lead to mass egg deposition

front 29

Locust Swarms

back 29

  • Locust swarms can cover hundreds of miles
  • Climate change alters rainfall, triggering outbreaks in dry regions
  • Rapid response needed—management is challenging