Which of the following types of transplant is least compatible?
allograft
isograft
xenotransplant
autograft
All of these types of transplant are equally compatible.

xenotransplant

When testing donated blood for compatibility you would find a person with O type blood
will lack plasma antibodies to A and B type antigens.
will have anti-O antibodies in their plasma.
will lack A and B red blood cell antigens.
has O type antigens on their red blood cells.
lacks HLA and MHC antigens.

will lack A and B red blood cell antigens.

Graft-versus-host disease will most likely be a complication of a(n)
blood transfusion.
skin graft.
Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus.
corneal transplant.
bone marrow transplant.

bone marrow transplant.

A positive tuberculin skin test is an example of
delayed cell-mediated immunity.
acute contact dermatitis.
innate immunity.
psoriasis.
autoimmunity.

delayed cell-mediated immunity.

A healthy immune system destroys cancer cells with
CTLs.
tumor-specific antigens.
CTLs and activated macrophages.
activated macrophages.
CD+ T cells.

CTLs and activated macrophages.

The symptoms of an immune complex reaction are due to
complement activation.
antibodies against self.
phagocytosis.
cytokines.
destruction of the antigen.

complement activation.

Rheumatoid arthritis is due to deposition of
IgG and IgA complexes in joints.
IgA antibodies in joints.
IgD and IgE complexes in joints.
complexes of IgM and IgG and also complement in joints.
complement in joints.

complexes of IgM and IgG and also complement in joints.

Allergic contact dermatitis is due to
activated macrophages.
sensitized T cells.
IgE antibodies.
IgM antibodies.
IgG antibodies.

sensitized T cells.

Attachment of HIV to the target cell depends on
gp120 binding to the CD4+ plasma membrane.
gp41 binding to the CD4+ receptor.
CXCR4 binding to the CD4+ receptor.
gp120 combining with the CD4+ receptor.
gp120 combining with the chemokine receptor CCR5.

gp120 combining with the CD4+ receptor.

Which of the terms regarding treatments after transplantation of an organ is mismatched?
sirolimus-inhibit cell mediated and humoral immunity.
basiliximab-chimeric monoclonal.
tacrolimus-suppression of IL-2 secretion.
cyclosporine-suppression of B cells.
cyclosporine- kidney toxicity.

cyclosporine-suppression of B cells.

The process of desensitization to prevent allergies involves the injection of increasing amounts of
IgE.
IgG.
antihistamine.
RhoGAM.
antigen.

antigen.

Which of the following statements about type I reactions is FALSE?
They involve IgE antibodies.
The symptoms occur soon after exposure to an antigen.
They involve helper T cells.
Antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils.
The symptoms are due to histamine.

They involve helper T cells.

Which of the following statements about type IV reactions is FALSE?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an example.
Reactions are primarily due to T cell proliferation.
Cytokines initiate tissue damage.
Allergic contact dermatitis is an example.
Reactions are not apparent for a day or more.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is an example.

Table 19.1

Donor Recipient
1. AB, Rh- AB, Rh+
2. A, Rh+ A, Rh-
3. A, Rh+ O, Rh+
4. B, Rh- B, Rh+
5. B, Rh+ A, Rh+

Which blood transfusions in Table 19.1 are incompatible?
2 and 5
1, 2, and 3
3 and 4
2, 3, and 5
1 and 2

2, 3, and 5

Hemolytic disease of the newborn can result from an
Rh- mother and an A fetus.
Rh+ mother with an Rh- fetus.
AB mother with an O fetus.
AB mother with a B fetus.
Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus.

Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus.

Which is true regarding Herceptin therapy?
It is a vaccine to prevent the development of cancer.
It neutralizes the growth factor EGF.
It is an endotoxin that stimulates TNF by macrophages.
It acts as an immunotoxin to target and kill cancer cells.
It is used to treat some breast cancer patients.

It is used to treat some breast cancer patients.

Which of the following utilizes a combination of monoclonal antitumor antibody and immunotoxin?
immunotherapy
immunologic surveillance
immunologic enhancement
immune complex
immunosuppression

immunotherapy

All of the following are reasons why an HIV vaccine has not been developed EXCEPT
vaccines are not effective against viral infections.
small, inexpensive animals which could be used for HIV vaccine research are not available.
there is no known animal model of natural immunity for HIV infection.
HIV has a high mutation rate so one vaccination would not be effective to treat the world-wide pandemic.
use of a weakened virus would potentially transmit the infection.

vaccines are not effective against viral infections.

Treatment with certain drugs to reduce transplant rejection can cause
immunotherapy.
autoimmunity.
immunologic enhancement.
immunologic surveillance.
immunosuppression.

immunosuppression

The reasons for investigating stem cells to replace damaged organs and tissues in a patient include all of the following EXCEPT
adult stem cells can be successfully induced to develop into some specifically needed cell types.
embryonic stem cells can be coaxed into developing into any cell type in the body.
pluripotent stem cells naturally occur even late in life in mammals.
the patient will not reject tissues produced with their stem cells.
umbilical cord blood cells are less likely to cause GVHD than adult stem cell grafts.

pluripotent stem cells naturally occur even late in life in mammals.

In immune complex reaction shown in Figure 19.1, what is the small, circular/spherical structure labeled "a"?
antigen
antibody
mast cell
complement
neutrophil

antigen

In immune complex reaction shown in Figure 19.1, what is the end result of the reaction?
Antibodies destroy neutrophils.
Neutrophils are attracted and release enzymes.
Complement is activated.
Endothelial cells are damaged.
IgG is directed against cell membrane antigens.

Endothelial cells are damaged.

Worldwide, the primary method of transmission of HIV is
blood transfusions.
heterosexual intercourse.
homosexual intercourse.
intravenous drug use.
nosocomial.

heterosexual intercourse.

IV spikes attach to CD4+ receptors found on

T helper cells and macrophages.
macrophages.
T helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
dendritic cells.
T helper cells.

T helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Which of the following is the least likely vaccine against HIV?
glycoprotein
attenuated virus
subunit
protein core
All of these vaccines are equally likely.

attenuated virus

Which of the following is a possible outcome of an HIV infection?
The disease does not progress to AIDS.
There may be persistent yeast infections.
Infection may initially be asymptomatic.
Virions may remain latent.
All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following regions has the greatest distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the world?
Latin America
North America
South and Southeast Asia
sub-Saharan Africa
Eastern Europe and Central Asia

sub-Saharan Africa

Chemotherapy to inhibit the progression of HIV infection utilizes all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT
blockage of viral attachment.
prohibition of viral integration into host cell DNA.
termination of viral DNA.
destruction of viral ribosomes.
inhibition of viral proteases.

destruction of viral ribosomes.

Detecting HIV antibodies during HIV infection
can occur during phase 2 and 3 of infection.
is possible after a few weeks and is used to diagnose infection.
is not possible due to immunosuppression during infection.
is possible after a few weeks after infection.
is used to diagnose infection.

is possible after a few weeks and is used to diagnose infection.

Anaphylaxis is the term for reactions caused when certain antigens combine with
histamine.
IgE antibodies.
IgG antibodies.
macrophages.
complement.

IgE antibodies.

All of the following regarding "immune privileged sites" are true EXCEPT
they include corneal and brain tissue.
they explain how animals tolerate pregnancies without rejecting the fetus.
they are rarely rejected.
they include any tissue transplanted from a pig.
they do not have lymphatic vessels.

they include any tissue transplanted from a pig.

All of the following are considered examples of type I hypersensitivity EXCEPT
severe reactions to insect venom.
pollen allergies.
asthma.
transplant rejections.
dust allergies.

transplant rejections.

All of the following lead to drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura. Which occurs first?
Antibodies against haptens are formed.
Drug binds to platelets.
Purpura occurs on the skin.
Platelets are destroyed.
Antibodies and complement react with platelets.

Drug binds to platelets.

Immunodeficiencies are a result of all of the following EXCEPT
cyclosporine.
corneal transplantation.
HIV infection.
Hodgkin's disease.
DiGeorge syndrome.

corneal transplantation.

Which of the following describes a cytotoxic autoimmune reaction?
Antibodies are not made.
Cells are killed.
Immune complexes form.
Antibodies react to cell-surface antigens.
Mediated by T cells.

Antibodies react to cell-surface antigens.

Symptoms of delayed cell-mediated reactions are due to
IgE antibodies.
antigens.
neutrophils.
IgG antibodies.
cytokines.

cytokines.

Desensitization involves injection of
IgE antibodies.
IgG antibodies.
antihistamine.
histamine.
antigens.

antigens.

In the serological method for tissue typing, if human cells expressing HLA-I are mixed with anti-HLA-I, complement, and trypan blue, what would indicate the cells are HLA-I?
Anti-HLA antibodies bind to HLAs on lymphocytes.
None of the answers are correct; the T cells are missing.
Cells are damaged by complement.
Trypan blue enters the cells.
Enzyme is released from neutrophils.

Trypan blue enters the cells.

In rheumatoid arthritis, IgM, IgG, and complement deposit in joints. This is an example of
immunosuppression.
cytotoxic autoimmunity.
immune complex autoimmunity.
acquired immunodeficiency.
cell-mediated autoimmunity.

immune complex autoimmunity.

The number of T cells drops to below 200 cells/microliter in which phase of HIV infection?
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3
initial phase
asymptomatic phase

phase 3

HIV can evade host antibodies by
lowering the CD4+ cell count.
remaining an inactive provirus, causing cell to cell fusion, and virions remaining latent in vacuoles.
virions remaining latent in vacuoles.
remaining an inactive provirus.
causing cell-to-cell fusion.

remaining an inactive provirus, causing cell to cell fusion, and virions remaining latent in vacuoles.

Increases in the numbers of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia cases seen in the 1980s
were typical and expected.
are examples of newly discovered diseases.
were unusual phenomena due to climate change.
were examples of emerging diseases correlating with an increased population experiencing loss of normal immune function.
were due to increased numbers organ transplantations.

were examples of emerging diseases correlating with an increased population experiencing loss of normal immune function.

Which of the following statements is true of phase 3 HIV infection?
HIV peaks to 10 million per ml of blood.
Seroconversion occurs.
asymptomatic infection.
CD4+ cell population drops to less than 200 cells per μl of blood.
HIV in blood stabilizes at 1000-10,000 per ml of blood.

CD4+ cell population drops to less than 200 cells per μl of blood.

An inherited immunodeficiency is termed ________ and a secondary immunodeficiency is also known as ________.
immune syndrome; lymphoma
aplasia; SCID
congenital; acquired
dysgenesis; congenital
birth defect; inherited

congenital; acquired

Which autoimmune diseases and terms are mismatched?
Systemic lupus erythematosus - immune complex reactions
Multiple sclerosis - myelin sheath destruction
Rheumatoid arthritis - IgM binds Fc of IgG
Grave's disease - prevention of thyroid hormone production
Myasthenia gravis - blocked acetocholine receptors

Grave's disease - prevention of thyroid hormone production

Support for the concept that cancer arises due to a failure of the immune response is found in all of the following statements EXCEPT
cancers arise in the very young more frequently than in adolescents.
tumor cells acquire tumor-associated antigens that stimulate cell-mediated responses.
cancers occur more often in immunosuppressed individuals.
cancers arise more frequently in the elderly.
development of hyperacute rejection reactions.

development of hyperacute rejection reactions.