Of the following, only ________ is not a state function.

T
q
S
E
H

q

When a system is at equilibrium, ________.

the process is not spontaneous in either direction

A reversible process is one that ________.

can be reversed with no net change in either system or surroundings

A reaction that is spontaneous as written ________.

will proceed without outside intervention

All of the following are examples of a spontaneous process except

A boulder slides down the side of a mountain.
Water freezing when the temperature drops below 0°C.
A reaction speeding up upon the addition of a catalyst.
A book falls off a desk and drops on the floor.
A nail left outside in the rain starts to rust.

A reaction speeding up upon the addition of a catalyst.

The ________ Law of Thermodynamics states the energy is conserved in chemical processes.

First

________ is a thermodynamic function that increases with the number of energetically equivalent ways to arrange components of a system to achieve a particular state.

Entropy

Identify the statement that is false.

Free atoms have greater entropy than molecules.
The entropy of a gas is greater than the entropy of a liquid.
Entropy generally increases with increasing molecular complexity.
Entropy increases with dissolution.
For noble gasses, entropy increases with size.

Free atoms have greater entropy than molecules.

Which of the following statements is true?

Entropy is temperature independent.
Entropy is an extensive property.
ΔSuniverse is always greater than zero for a nonspontaneous process.
Exothermic processes decrease the entropy of the surroundings.
None of the above are true.

Entropy is an extensive property.

For a given compound, list the decreasing order of entropy for a liquid, solid, and gas.

gas > liquid > solid

The ________ Law of Thermodynamics states that for any spontaneous reaction, the entropy of the universe increases.
Fourth

Second

Which of the following statements is true?

Processes that are spontaneous in one direction are spontaneous in the opposite direction.
Spontaneity can depend on the temperature.
Processes are spontaneous because they occur at an observable rate.
All of the statements are true.

Spontaneity can depend on the temperature.

The thermodynamic quantity that expresses the extent of randomness in a system is ________.

entropy

The entropy of the universe is ________.

continually increasing

Which of the following statements is false?

Any irreversible process results in an overall increase in entropy.
Entropy increases with the number of microstates of the system.
The change in entropy in a system depends on the initial and final states of the system and the path taken from one state to the other.
The total entropy of the universe increases in any spontaneous process.

The change in entropy in a system depends on the initial and final states of the system and the path taken from one state to the other.

Which one of the following processes produces a decrease of the entropy of the system?

Dissolving oxygen in water.
Explosion of nitroglycerine.
Boiling of alcohol.
Sublimation of naphthalene.
Dissolving sodium chloride in water.

Dissolving oxygen in water.

With thermodynamics, one cannot determine ________.

the speed of a reaction

BEGINNING OF CH. 20

BEGINNING OF CH. 20 (back of card)

The electrode where reduction occurs is called the anode.

False

The purpose of the salt bridge in an electrochemical cell is to ________.

maintain electrical neutrality in the half-cells via migration of ions

Which one of the following types of elements is most likely to be a good oxidizing agent?

Alkali metals
Transition elements
Halogens
Alkaline earth elements
Lanthanides

Halogens

Cathodic protection of a metal pipe against corrosion usually entails ________.

attaching an active metal to make the pipe the cathode in an electrochemical cell

Define a salt bridge.

A pathway by which counter ions can flow between the half-cells without the solutions in the half-cell totally mixing.

Identify the location of reduction in an electrochemical cell.

The cathode.

Identify the battery that is used as a common flashlight battery.

Dry-cell battery.

All of the following are examples of rechargeable batteries except:

Dry-cell batteries.
Lithium ion batteries.
NiMH batteries.
NiCad batteries.
Lead-acid batteries.

Dry-cell battery.

Describe how water can be a good conductor of current.

Add salt.

Describe the reactions during the electrolysis of water in an electrolytic cell.

Oxygen is oxidized and hydrogen is reduced.

In a voltaic cell electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.

True

When the cell potential is negative in a voltaic cell, the cell reaction will not proceed spontaneously.

True

The lithium ion battery has more energy per unit mass than nickel-cadmium batteries.

True

In a half reaction, the amount of a substance that is reduced or oxidized is directly proportional to the number of electrons generated in the cell.

True

A positive number for maximum useful work in a spontaneous process (voltaic cell) indicates that the cell will perform work on its surroundings.

False

BEGINNING OF CH. 21

BEGINNING OF CH. 21 (back of card)

All atoms of a given element have the same ________.

atomic number

Atoms containing radioactive nuclei are called ________.

radioisotopes

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it undergoes beta decay?

The mass number does not change and the atomic number increases by 1.

Which one of the following processes results in an increase in the atomic number

Alpha emission.
Gamma emission.
Beta emission.
Positron emission.
Corrosion.

Beta emission.

Of the following processes, which one changes the atomic number?

Positron emission.
Alpha emission.
Beta emission.
Electron capture.
All of these processes change the atomic numbers.

All of these processes change the atomic numbers.

In what type of radioactive decay does the atomic number of the product increase by one?

Beta

Which type of radioactive decay results in no change in mass number and atomic number for the starting nucleus?

Gamma

Alpha decay produces a new nucleus whose ________ than those respectively of the original nucleus.

atomic number is 2 less and mass number is 4 less

What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an element when it emits gamma radiation?

The mass number and atomic numbers remain unchanged.

Atoms with the same atomic number and different mass numbers ________.

are isotopes

How many radioactive decay series exist in nature?

3

Carbon-11 decays by ________.

positron emission

The formation of krypton from rubidium decay is a result of ________.

electron capture

The belt of nuclear stability ends with the element ________.

bismuth

What is required for a nuclear transmutation to occur?

A particle to collide with a nucleus or neutron.

Which one of the following is true?

All spontaneous nuclear reactions are exothermic.
There is no relationship between exothermicity and spontaneity in nuclear reactions.
All spontaneous nuclear reactions are endothermic.
Some spontaneous nuclear reactions are endothermic.
Some spontaneous nuclear reactions are exothermic.

All spontaneous nuclear reactions are exothermic.

What type of reaction is known as a thermonuclear reaction?

Fusion

What exposure level to radiation is fatal to most humans?

600 rem

Which one of the following forms of radiation can penetrate the deepest into body tissue?

Proton
Positron
Beta
Alpha
Gamma

Gamma

Positron emission causes a decrease of one in the atomic number.

True

The neutron/proton ratio of stable nuclei increases with increasing atomic number.

True

Charged particles are accelerated because the faster they move there is a greater chance of producing a nuclear reaction.

True

Radioactive decay is a first order kinetic process.

True

The energy produced by the sun is the result of nuclear fusion.

True

The SI unit of an absorbed dose of radiation is the gray.

True

END

Good luck on the exam!

END (back of card)