front 1 What is this structure of a virus ? | back 1 The nucleic acid in a protein coat |
front 2 When do viruses display property of living organisms? | back 2 When they have invade host cell |
front 3 What is the functions of the viral envelope? | back 3
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front 4 What are the type of microorganism mension? | back 4 Virus, fungi, protist, bacteria |
front 5 What is the size of virus in relationship to lie microscope? | back 5 Too small to be seen with the light microscope |
front 6 How are virus classified? | back 6 By type of nucleic acid, shape and envelope |
front 7 What are cytopathic effect? | back 7 Change in cell due to viral infections |
front 8 What is teratogenesis? | back 8 Inductions of defect in embryonic development |
front 9 Which viruses or associate with teratogenesis ? | back 9 cytomegalovirus, HIV, Rubella |
front 10 What is carcinogenesis? | back 10 Inductions off change leading to cancer |
front 11 Which virus are linked to carcinogenesis ? | back 11 Hepatitis b c and hpv |
front 12 What is viroid? | back 12 An infectious RNA particle without a capsid |
front 13 How does viroid rna behave in host cell? | back 13 It is copied in the host cell nucleus |
front 14 What are prions? | back 14 Misfold protein that cause diseases |
front 15 What do prions do to normal proteins? | back 15 They caused them to fold incorrectly |
front 16 What disease are caused by prions? | back 16 kuru and creutzfeldt- jakob disease |
front 17 What is the significance of fungi? | back 17 The compose organism and recycle nutrient |
front 18 How do fungi obtain food? | back 18 From other organisms, chemoheterotrophic |
front 19 What is the cell wall compositions of fungi? | back 19 Chitin |
front 20 What is dimorphism in fungi? | back 20 Ability to exist in both yeast and mold form |
front 21 What are the role of fungi in the ecosystems? | back 21 Decompose, help plants, produce antibiotics |
front 22 What are the characteristic of protozoa? | back 22 Single eukaryotic cell with locomotions |
front 23 What are the form of locomotion in protozoa? | back 23 Pseudopod, cilia, and Flagella |
front 24 What are the characteristics of algae? | back 24 Plant like, photosynthetic, eukaryotic |
front 25 Why study micro organism? | back 25 Inside into history, health, and manufacturing |
front 26 What are the benefit of studying microorganisms? | back 26 Better understanding of the human body and vaccine |
front 27 What is historical theories existed about disease causation? | back 27 Magic, spirits, miasma, and bad deeds |
front 28 Who first observed cells in a microscope? | back 28 Robert Hooke |
front 29 Why did Van Leewenhoek contribute to micro-organisms? | back 29 Observe animacules in the environment |
front 30 What is spontaneous generations? | back 30 Micro-organisms arises from nonliving things |
front 31 What is the Germ theory of disease? | back 31 micro-organism invade and cause diseases |
front 32 What was Needham conclusion from his experiment? | back 32 air contain a life force for organism |
front 33 What was Redi's hypothesis about maggot? | back 33 Fly lay egg on meat causing maggot |
front 34 What was the role of gauze in Redi experiment? | back 34 Prevented fly from laying eggs on meat |
front 35 What was the conclusions of Redi experiment? | back 35
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front 36 What does miasma refer to? | back 36 Particle in bad air |
front 37 What was the single most important contribution to medical science? | back 37 The germ theory of disease |
front 38 What concept did the germ theory need to dispel? | back 38 spontaneous generation |
front 39 what did needham's experiment in the mid- 1700s involved? | back 39 flask with sterilized broth left open |
front 40 what argument was made for spontaneous generation? | back 40 Life arose from non living thing |
front 41 who criticized Needham's conclusion? | back 41 Spallanzani |
front 42 what did pasteur's swan- necked flask demonstrate? | back 42 air contains microbes |
front 43 what did pasteur argue about microbes in air ? | back 43 Microbes exist in the air and do not arise spontaneously and cannot reach the experimental broth |
front 44 what did pasteur work on wine involve? | back 44 pasteurization to kill unwanted organism |
front 45 what temperature and time did pasteur use for pasterurization? | back 45 56 C for 30 minutes |
front 46 what is attenuation in context of vaccines? | back 46 weakening a pathogen for vaccination |
front 47 who administered the first vaccine to a human? | back 47 Louis pasteur |
front 48 what did Edward Jenner observe about milkmaids? | back 48 they did not get smallpox infection |
front 49 what does vaccination derive from? | back 49 latin for cor vacca |
front 50 what did Robert Koch discover? | back 50
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front 51 what did Semmelweis notice about maternal mortality rates? | back 51 lower rates with midwives delivering babies |
front 52 what is the role of E.coli in the digestive system? | back 52 aids digestion and biosynthesis |
front 53 what is the harmful strain of E.coli? | back 53 1. coli O157:H7 |
front 54 what does candida albicans cause ? | back 54 truth and vaginal yeast infections |
front 55 what was Lister know for in surgery? | back 55 Aseptic surgical technique |
front 56 what did Paul Ehrlich develop? | back 56 the idea of chemotherapy |
front 57 what is seletive toxicity? | back 57 targeting structure specific to microbes |
front 58 what was the first treatment for syphilis? | back 58 salvarsan |
front 59 who discover lysozyme? | back 59 Alexander fleming |
front 60 what did fleming recognize about ? | back 60 it inhibited the growth of bacteria |
front 61 what is the binomial nomenclature ? | back 61 Genus species naming system developed by Carl Linnaeus |
front 62 how do bacteria replicate ? | back 62 via binary fusion |
front 63 what is found in the bacteria cell wall? | back 63 Peptidoglycon |
front 64 what is unique about bacterial plasma membranes ? | back 64 they do not have cholesterol |
front 65 what are the key structure of prokaryote ? | back 65
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front 66 what is the significance of bacterial cell structures? | back 66 they are target for antibiotics and immunity |
front 67 what does pathogenicity refer to? | back 67 the ability to cause disease |
front 68 what are the similarities between prokaryote and eukaryote cell? | back 68
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front 69 what are the difference between the prokaryote and eukaryotic cells? | back 69
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front 70 what is the structure of prokaryotic genetic materials? | back 70 circular DNA and plasmid |
front 71 what is the function of the bacterial cell wall? | back 71 prevents osmotic layer and shape the cell |
front 72 what is peptidoglycan composed of ? | back 72 repeating disaccharides and polypeptide |
front 73 what distinguish Gram positive from gram negative bacteria? | back 73 Gram negative has thick peptidoglycan layers while gram negative have thin layer |
front 74 what is the role of teichoic acids in gram positive bacteria ? | back 74 provide negative charge and help sherpher ions |
front 75 what is the function of the outer membrane in gram negative bacteria ? | back 75 protect against penicillin and phagocytosis |
front 76 what is lipopolysaccharide and its significant? | back 76 it is an endotoxin causing fever and shock |
front 77 what are the function of the glycocalyx ? | back 77
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front 78 what are fimbriae and pili used for ? | back 78 attachment and genetic material transfer |
front 79 how do flagella help bacteria? | back 79 they proper bacteria through environment |
front 80 what are the different arrange of flagella ? | back 80
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front 81 what is chemotaxis? | back 81 movement toward or away from substances |
front 82 what is the composition of the plasma membrane in bacteria? | back 82 phospholipid bilayer with no sterols |
front 83 what is the role of ribosome in bacteria? | back 83 sites for protein synthesis |
front 84 what is the structure of the nucleoid in bacteria? | back 84 location of the circular DNa without histones |
front 85 what are the characteristics of acid- fast bacteria ? | back 85
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front 86 what is the function of the cell membrane in bacteria? | back 86 selective permeability and nutrient breakdown |
front 87 what is the role of inclusion in bacteria cells? | back 87 store nutrients or important substances |
front 88 what is this significance of the knowledge of cell wall structure? | back 88 determine antibiotic therapy |
front 89 what does penicillin target in bacteria ? | back 89 final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis |
front 90 what is the role of the cytoplasm in bacteria cells? | back 90 aqueous environment for chemical reactions |
front 91 what is the function of the gas vesicles in bacteria ? | back 91 regulate dept in aquatic environments |
front 92 what is the role of plasmid in bacteria? | back 92 carry antibiotic resistance and virulence factors? |
front 93 what is the significance of the endospore resistance ? | back 93
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front 94 what happens during germination of an endospore? | back 94 conversion to an actively dividing vegetative cell |
front 95 what are the different shapes of bacteria? | back 95
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front 96 what are the arrangement of bacterial cells? | back 96
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front 97 what is the function of the ribosomes in prokaryotes ? | back 97 protein synthesis occurs simultaneously with transcription |
front 98 what is the role of the nucleoid- associated protein (NAP) | back 98 help organize the DNA in the nucleiod |
front 99 how do bacteria utilize their glycocalyx for survival? | back 99 helps in adherence and evasion of the immune system |
front 100 what is the role of the capsule in pathogenicity? | back 100 inhibits phagocytosis by immune cells |
front 101 what is the function of the slime layer in bacteria | back 101 helps in adherence and wash off easily |
front 102 what is the role of the axial filaments in spirochetes? | back 102 provide motility through twisting movement |
front 103 what is the function of the poly-B- hydroxybutyrate in bacteria ? | back 103 energy source for bacteria |
front 104 how do bacteria utilize their flagella for movement? | back 104 proper through aqueous environment via rotation |
front 105 what is the significance of the capsule in bacteria infection? | back 105 enhance virulence by evading immune response |
front 106 what is the significance of the ribosomes size in bacteria? | back 106 70s ribosomes are targeted by antibiotics |
front 107 what is the function of the cytoplasm in bacteria ? | back 107 aqueous environment for metabolic reaction |
front 108 how do bacterial structures contribute to their pathogenicity? | back 108 facilitate adherence, evasion, and survival |
front 109 who was the first sciences to pursue a magical bullet that could be used to treat infection disease ( question from home test) | back 109 Ehrlich |
front 110 spirochete bacteria with filament with axial filaments have ?( question from home test) | back 110 endoflagella |
front 111 osmosis most directly involves? ( question from home test) | back 111 water moving down a concentration gradient |
front 112 rRNA signature sequences can be used to place microorganism in the correct | back 112 true |
front 113 prions consist of protein and have no apparent nucleic acid genome? ( question from home test) | back 113 true |
front 114 which of the following cellular structures are found only one e( eukaryote cells ( question from home test) | back 114 paired of chromosomes |
front 115 when a DNA molecule is replicate the daughter molecule contain one strand of parental DNA and one strand of newly synthesized DNA; this is called ------------------------ replication ( question from home test) | back 115 semiconservative |
front 116 wen a recipient cell acquires a piece of naked DNA from the environment, it is called ------------- ( question from home test) | back 116 transformation |
front 117 which organelles likely to resemble a prokaryotic cell? ( question from home test) | back 117 mitochondrion |
front 118 A bacteria population grow most rapidly during ---------------- phase ( question from home test) | back 118 log |
front 119 eukaryotic cell have a peptidoglycan layer and simple morphology( question home test ) | back 119 false |
front 120 small circular DNA molecules capable of replicating and containing genes that useful but not necessary to the bacterium are called -------------------- ( question from homes test) | back 120 plasmids |
front 121 microbiology is the study of bacteria, algae, fungi, viruses and protozoa. most of these are single-celled, except for which two: ( question orm home test) | back 121 algae and fungi ( some have many cells) |
front 122 the process of conjugation in bacteria require that( question from home test) | back 122 there be contact between donor and recipient cells |
front 123 structure only find in prokaryotic ( question from home test) | back 123 pili |
front 124 the difference between simple diffusion and facilitate diffusion ( question home test) | back 124 require transporter proteins |
front 125 What is a genome? | back 125 All DNA present in a cell or a virus |
front 126 What does ploidy Bacteria and Archaea generally have? | back 126 Haploid (1N) |
front 127 What does ploidy Eukaryotes generally have? | back 127 Diploid (2n) |
front 128 What does genotype refer to? | back 128 The genetic makeup of an organism |
front 129 What does phenotype refer to? | back 129 Expression of the genes |
front 130 Who observed transformation in bacteria in 1928? | back 130 Griffins |
front 131 What did Griffin experiment demonstrate? | back 131 Change of non-virus to virulence organism |
front 132 Who showed that the transforming principle was DNA? | back 132 Avery, MacLeod, McCarty |
front 133 What model did Hershey and Chase use in their experiments? | back 133 Bacteriophage T2 infection |
front 134 What was used to label DNA in Hershey and Chase's experiment? | back 134 32P |
front 135 What was used to label the protein coat in Hershey and Chase's experiment? | back 135 35S |
front 136 What did Hershey and Chase conclude about DNA? | back 136 DNA carried genetics information |
front 137 What are DNA and RNA composed of? | back 137 Pylomers of nucleotides |
front 138 How are nucleotides linked in DNA and RNA? | back 138 By phosphodiester bonds |
front 139 How do DNA and RNA differ? | back 139 By nitrogenous bases, sugars, and strand |
front 140 What are the bases found in DNA? | back 140 Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
front 141 What sugar is found in DNA? | back 141 Deoxyribose |
front 142 What forms the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA? | back 142 Covalent bonds between sugar and phosphate |
front 143 What is the structure of DNA? | back 143 Double-stranded helix |
front 144 How do adenine and thymine pair in DNA? | back 144 By 2 hydrogen bonds |
front 145 How do guanine and cytosine pair in DNA? | back 145 By 3 hydrogen bonds |
front 146 What forms when the two strands of DNA twist around each other? | back 146 Major and minor grooves |
front 147 What bases are found in RNA? | back 147 Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
front 148 What sugar is found in RNA? | back 148 Ribose |
front 149 What is the typical flow of genetic information described by the central dogma? | back 149 DNA, mRNA, protein, function |
front 150 How do mutations alter a genome? | back 150 Mutate DNA, mRNA, protein, function |
front 151 What is genetics the study of? | back 151 Genes and their information transfer |
front 152 What are chromosomes? | back 152 Structures containing DNA that carry heredity |
front 153 What are genes? | back 153 Segments of DNA that encode proteins |
front 154 What is a polymer of amino acids linked by? | back 154 Peptide bonds |
front 155 How does DNA replication occur? | back 155 One strand serves as a template for another |
front 156 What enzymes relax the strands during DNA replication? | back 156 Topoisomerase and gyrase |
front 157 What enzyme separates the strands during DNA replication? | back 157 Helicase |
front 158 What is created during DNA replication | back 158 A replication fork |
front 159 How do eukaryotes transfer genes? | back 159 Vertical gene transfer |
front 160 What is the method of gene transfer in prokaryotes? | back 160 Horizontal (lateral) gene transfer |
front 161 What is vertical gene transfer? | back 161 Replication and transfer to descendants |
front 162 What occurs during genetic recombination in eukaryotes? | back 162 Exchange of nucleotide sequences between homologous sequences |
front 163 What are recombinants? | back 163 Cells with new DNA sequences |
front 164 What are the three types of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes? | back 164
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front 165 What is transduction? | back 165 Transfer of DNA via bacteriophages |
front 166 What are transposons? | back 166 DNA segments that move locations |
front 167 What is the result of transposition? | back 167 Frameshift insertion in DNA |
front 168 What do transposons contain at each end? | back 168 Palindromic sequences |
front 169 What are hybridomas used for? | back 169 Producing monoclonal antibodies |
front 170 What must occur before bacterial and archaeal division? | back 170 Genome replication and segregation |
front 171 What are the three phases of the bacterial cell cycle? | back 171 Growth, chromosome replication, cytokinesis |
front 172 What is the first step in the cell cycle of E. coli? | back 172 Initiation mass reached |
front 173 What begins when the z ring forms in E. coli? | back 173 Septum formation |
front 174 What is septation? | back 174 Formation of cross wall between daughter cells |
front 175 What are the steps in Septation? | back 175 Site selection, machinery assembly, cell constriction |
front 176 How do archaeal cell cycles resemble eukaryal cell cycles? | back 176 Similar to mitotic cycle except for segregation |
front 177 What does growth in prokaryotes refer to? | back 177 Population growth rather than individual cells |
front 178 What is a microbial growth curve? | back 178 Plot of cell number vs. time in culture |
front 179 What are the five distinct phases of a microbial growth curve? | back 179 Lag, log, stationary, death, decline |
front 180 What is generation time? | back 180 Time for population to double in size |
front 181 How does generation time vary? | back 181 Depends on species and environmental conditions |
front 182 What is the range of generation time for microorganisms? | back 182 10 minutes to days |
front 183 What are extremophiles? | back 183 Organisms that grow in harsh conditions |
front 184 How do microbes adapt to hypertonic solutions? | back 184 Increase internal solute concentration with compatible solutes |
front 185 What do halophiles require for optimal growth? | back 185 High salt concentrations above 0.2 M |
front 186 What do extreme halophiles require for growth? | back 186 Salt concentrations between 3 M and 6.2 M |
front 187 What do microbes do in hypotonic solutions? | back 187 Reduce osmotic concentration of cytoplasm |
front 188 What do mechanosensitive (MS) channels in plasma membranes allow? | back 188 Solutes to leave the cell |
front 189 How do microbes adapt in hypertonic solutions? | back 189 Increase internal solute concentration |
front 190 What are halophiles? | back 190 Microbes that grow optimally in salt |
front 191 What salt concentration do extreme halophiles require? | back 191 Between 3 M and 6.2 M |
front 192 What does pH measure? | back 192 Relative acidity of a solution |
front 193 What is the growth optimum pH for acidophiles? | back 193 Between pH 0 and 5.5 |
front 194 What is the growth optimum pH for neutrophiles? | back 194 Between pH 5.5 and 8 |
front 195 What is the growth optimum pH for alkaliphiles? | back 195 Between pH 8 and 11.5 |
front 196 What do most bacteria and protists prefer in terms of pH? | back 196 Neutral pH |
front 197 What pH do most fungi prefer? | back 197 About pH 4 to 6 |
front 198 How do microorganisms respond to external pH changes? | back 198 Maintain a neutral cytoplasmic pH |
front 199 What do neutrophiles exchange to maintain pH? | back 199 Potassium for protons |
front 200 What is the acidic tolerance response in microorganisms? | back 200 Pumping protons out of the cell |
front 201 What happens to many microorganisms' habitats due to their waste products? | back 201 Change the pH of their habitat |
front 202 Can microbes regulate their internal temperature? | back 202 No, they cannot |
front 203 What do enzymes have in relation to temperature? | back 203 Optimal temperature for functioning |
front 204 What are the cardinal growth temperatures for organisms | back 204 Minimal, maximal, optimal |
front 205 What temperature range do psychrophiles grow in? | back 205 0°C to 20°C |
front 206 What temperature range do psychrotrophs grow in? | back 206 0°C to 35°C |
front 207 What temperature range do mesophiles grow in? | back 207 20°C to 45°C |
front 208 What temperature range do thermophiles grow in? | back 208 45°C to 85°C |
front 209 What temperature range do hyperthermophiles grow in? | back 209 85°C to 113°C |
front 210 How does oxygen concentration affect microbial growth? | back 210 Depends on metabolic processes and ETC |
front 211 What is an aerobe? | back 211 Grows in presence of atmospheric oxygen |
front 212 What is an obligate aerobe? | back 212 Requires oxygen to grow |
front 213 What is an anaerobe? | back 213 Grows in absence of oxygen |
front 214 What is a microaerophile? | back 214 Requires 2 to 10% oxygen |
front 215 What are facultative anaerobes? | back 215 Do not require oxygen but grow better with it |