front 1 Artifacts | back 1 a portable object made or modified by humans |
front 2 Eco-fact | back 2 natural artifact not modified by humans |
front 3 Feature | back 3 something made by humans that isnt movable |
front 4 What are the 2 types of dating methods | back 4 relative and absolute |
front 5 What is absolute dating method | back 5 the exact date or date range for an object |
front 6 What is relative dating method | back 6 one thing is older/ younger than another |
front 7 5 Different types of dating methods | back 7 1. Law of superposition (relative) 2. Frequent seriation (relative) 3. Calendrical dates (absolute) 4. Radiocarbon dating (absolute) 5. Dendrochronology (absolute) |
front 8 Law of superposition | back 8 principal that holds that objects in deeper layers are older, layers on top are younger. |
front 9 Participant observation | back 9 where anthropologists immerse themselves in the daily lives of people they study. by living w them, participating in community activities, interviews, and having detailed recordings. |
front 10 NAGPRA | back 10 Native American Graves Protection and Reparation Act |
front 11 Types of interviews | back 11 1. structured 2. semi-structured 3. unstructured |
front 12 what is a structured interview | back 12 -asking fixed questions -essentially an oral survey -provides data that can be analyzed quantitative and qualitative |
front 13 what is a semi-structured interview | back 13 -asking a fixed set of questions while exploring more deeply -end up asking participants similar but not identical questions -provides extra qualitative details |
front 14 what is a unstructured interview | back 14 -asking questions to participants as they come to you -no consistency between interviews -asking for clarification about things that are going around |
front 15 Scientific method | back 15 observation /questions -> research topic area -> hypothesis ->test w/ experiment -> analyze data -> report conclusions |
front 16 Archaeology | back 16 study of ancient peoples and their cultures through the material remains that people left behind. |
front 17 Pseudoarchaeology | back 17 false or fake claims that don't test hypothesis. rely on and ignore cultural context or artifacts |
front 18 characteristics of pseudoarchaeology | back 18 1. does not have scientific method 2. presents itself as being persecuted by or at odds w/ the archaeological community 3. has simplistic answers to complex questions |
front 19 dangers of pseudoarchaeology | back 19 -discredit indigenous people (Moundbuilders, lost tribe of Israel, justified native American relocation) -Used to reinforce ethno-nationalist ideologies (root race and Arianism) -distrust in professionally and academically trained archaeologists and experts in their field |
front 20 Root race | back 20 theosophical idea of humanity evolving in cycles with each stage representing a different phase of spiritual and physical development. |
front 21 Aryanism | back 21 superiority in your own culture or civilization or race |
front 22 Moundbuilders | back 22 original (white) inhabitants of north america. there was once a powerful race that was exterminated by native americans to make room for existing savage tribes- Pres. Andrew Jackson |
front 23 subscience | back 23 the way that people interact with their environments in order to make a living (food getting strategies) |
front 24 What are the 4 main modes of subscience | back 24 1. foraging 2. Pastoralism 3. Horticulture 4. Agriculture |
front 25 Foragers | back 25 hunter-gatherers-fishers |
front 26 Forager characteristics | back 26 -small group size -mobile -food sharing -egalitarian -rare warfare -gendered division of labor |
front 27 Forager rule breakers | back 27 -rarely have surpluses of food -pacific northwest people were none of those things -plentiful fish populations enabled i) hierarchy and wealth accumulation ii)Sedentarism iii) higher population densities |
front 28 views of foragers | back 28 -europeans and anthropologists have been fascinated by foragers -lifestyle labeled as savage or noble -changed drastically over time |
front 29 Pastoralism | back 29 breeding and managing of migratory herds of domesticated grazing animals such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas, and camels |
front 30 general characteristics of pastoralism | back 30 -mobile (nomadically or via transhumance) -increased wealth and inequality -division of labor based on age and gender |
front 31 Horticulture | back 31 cultivation of crops in food gardens, carried out with simple hand tools resulting in relatively little surplus. This can fall under agriculture |
front 32 General characteristics of horticulture | back 32 -sedentary -wealth accumulation -inequality -increased political complexity |
front 33 agriculture | back 33 involves large-scale production of domesticated food on farms. intensive production of 1 or more crops. often assisted with plows, fertilizers, and irrigation. covers growing crops and raising animals for food, fiber, and other products on a larger scale. |
front 34 What is the difference between horticulture and agrculture? | back 34 both are similar however; agriculture involves more than plant cultivation. |
front 35 economics | back 35 study of production, consumption and transfer of wealth, goods, food, objects, etc. |
front 36 Modes of exchange | back 36 1. reciprocity 2. Redistribution 3. Maneet exchange |
front 37 reciprocity | back 37 exchange of goods between parties approximately of equal value |
front 38 redistribution | back 38 collection and allotment of goods by a central authority |
front 39 maneet exchange | back 39 buying and selling of goods and services with set prices |
front 40 domestication | back 40 evolutionary process by which humans modify wild plants/ animals for their own purposes like companionship, food, and labor. sometimes the members of that population are unable to survive/ reproduce without human assistance |
front 41 Animal traits in domestication | back 41 -increased size -reduction in dangerous adaptations -good temperament |
front 42 paths to domesticatin | back 42 -directed -prey -commensal |
front 43 plant traits in domestication | back 43 -increased size -reduction/loss of natural means -reduction/loss of protective devices such as husks -loss of delayed seed germination -loss of toxins |
front 44 good qualities for domestication | back 44 -friendly: naturally agreeable -feedable: easy to feed -fecund: reproduce and grow up quickly -family friendly: conform to hierarchy |
front 45 effects of agriculture | back 45 -different diets -increased rates of malnutrition -reduced uncertainty -social and sexual inequality -increase of diseases -decrease in free time |
front 46 Taming | back 46 Training animals to be more manageable and less aggressive towards humans |
front 47 taming vs domestication | back 47 taming is the behavioral conditioning of a wild-born animal, while domestication is permanent genetic alteration of animals which lead to behavioral or genetic changes that benefit humans. |
front 48 independent centers of agriculture | back 48 -Fertile crescent -sub-Saharan Africa -China -Southeast Asia -South America -Mesoamerica -Eastern North America |
front 49 What grows in the fertile crescent | back 49 wheat barley sheep goats |
front 50 what grows in the sub-saharan africa | back 50 sorghum millet coffee |
front 51 what grows in SE asia | back 51 rice taro sugarcane bananas |
front 52 what grows in china | back 52 pig rice silkworm |
front 53 what grows in south america | back 53 potato tomato peanuts llama |
front 54 what grows in mesoamerica | back 54 maize beans cacao chillis |
front 55 what grows in East North America | back 55 turkey sunflower squash |
front 56 Gobekli Tepe | back 56 archaeological site in modern south turkey (11.5KYA). no evidence of agriculture, large megaliths and structures occupied by mobile hunter-gatherers. One of the earliest monumental sites and apparently one of the oldest religions in the world. |
front 57 4 defining characteristics of cities | back 57 1. agricultural innovation 2. diversification of labor 3. central government 4. social stratification 5 |
front 58 agricultural innovation | back 58 -more intense farming methods differentiate cities from villages -canals, reservoirs, irrigation |
front 59 diversification of labor | back 59 -more intensive farming allowed for not everyone to be a farmer -results in technological innovations -merchants, smiths, artists, and politicians |
front 60 central government | back 60 -provide planning and coordination within a large group of people -road systems, monumental architecture, record keeping, law codes -anything that requires planning reflects a central government |
front 61 social stratification | back 61 -sedentary productive societies allow for the accumulation of wealth -growth of hierarchical social classes based on wealth, occupation, and parentage -dwelling size and location, skeletal remains, burials and funerary objects |
front 62 2 theories of how states form | back 62 -integrative theory -conflict theory |
front 63 what is the integrative theory | back 63 population grew and spread, government integrated groups into their population, people willingly joined civilizations |
front 64 what is the conflict theory | back 64 -cities wanted/ needed more resources and labor, government conquere and subjugated neighboring groups, forced them to integrate into civilizations |
front 65 language | back 65 a complex, systematized form of communication involving the use of vocal or gestural units (words or signs) that can be combined into larger structures (sentences) that can convey an infinite array of complex meanings |
front 66 animal communication | back 66 vocalizations, gestures, body fluids to communicate |
front 67 communication | back 67 transmitting into from a sender to a receiver, not specific, systematized, nor symbolic |
front 68 example of animal communication | back 68 honeybees perform waggle dances to communicate the direction and distance of a food source |
front 69 Linguistic relativity | back 69 each language is unique and shapes human thought in unique ways |
front 70 language universals | back 70 similar things characteristics of all languages |
front 71 Sapir- Whorf hypothesis | back 71 -the language we speak impacts how we understand reality -some languages dont have certain words for certain ideas and some do -languages handle concepts in different ways -languages emphasize different ideas |
front 72 universal grammar hypothesis | back 72 -posits that the cognitive structures that all humans share influence language and perception of reality in similar ways. -more the focus of linguistics than linguistic anthropologists |
front 73 folk taxonomies | back 73 how cultures categorize the world around them. differs culture to culture and environment to environment. but may share underlying logic |
front 74 the 4 independent inventions of writing | back 74 -mesopotamia ( 5400ya) -egypt (5200ya) -china (3300ya) -mosoamerica (between 2900 & 2600ya) |
front 75 language can be a main marker of identity in what 2 ways | back 75 implicitly- accents/ dialects explicitly- european nations |
front 76 politics | back 76 domain of social and cultural life concerned with power. |
front 77 what is big P politics | back 77 electoral politics or political organizations |
front 78 what is little p politics | back 78 all of our actions are in relation to power systems, everything is political. |
front 79 what types of politics are political scientists interested in vs political anthropologists | back 79 political anthropologists- little p political scientists- big P |
front 80 3 types of authority | back 80 1.traditional 2. charismatic 3. rational-legal |
front 81 4 types of political systems | back 81 1. band 2.tribe 3.chiefdom 4.state |
front 82 what types of authority and political systems use persuasive power | back 82 -traditional and charismatic -band and tribe |
front 83 what are band and tribe considered | back 83 acephalous |
front 84 what are chiefdom and state considered | back 84 centralized |
front 85 what types of authorities and political systems use coercive power | back 85 -state and chiefdom -rational-legal |
front 86 different types of political systems are associated with different what | back 86 -subscience types -exchange systems - population densities -settlement patterns |
front 87 nation | back 87 group with a shared identity and sense of peoplehood |
front 88 state | back 88 political institution |
front 89 Bands | back 89 -acephalous system & persuasive -unofficial leadership and cannot enforce their will -common among foragers; effective in small groups -important decisions are made collectively: egalitarianism -political power comes from kinship ties and prestige |
front 90 Tribes | back 90 -collection of smaller groups, integrated a unifying factor & often share kinship ties, ancestry, identity, culture, language. acephalous & persuasive -smaller groups are generally autonomous; self-supporting & self-governed. egalitarian -political organization is unofficial and temporary, the leaders only come together to solve common issues |
front 91 Chiefdoms | back 91 -formal centralized system around a single leader (chief), inherited office of leadership in a chiefdom, combining coercive forms of economic, political, individual, military, religious authority. -title of chief is hereditary and permanent -fuse economic, political, military, & religious power (embodied by chief) -stratification based on rank, closer to chief the more power/ prestige |
front 92 states | back 92 -highly formalized, hierarchical system centered on a defined territory -although varying, they all share coercive power & monopoly on violence -common among agriculture societies, synonymous with civilization |
front 93 kinship | back 93 sociocultural construction that creates a network of social & biological relationships between individuals |
front 94 beyond biological ties | back 94 -having some sort of kinship is universal -nonblood relatives' people who are treated as kin, godparents, frat brothers, sorority sisters -adoption, child becoming fam to a fam they weren't born into. common |
front 95 kinship systems | back 95 lineal generational bifurcate merging |
front 96 lineal kinships | back 96 -also known as eskimo or inuit system -highlights the nuclear family -common in european and north american societies |
front 97 generational kinships | back 97 -also called the hawaiian system -highlights the extended family -common across polynesia and other chiefdom societies |
front 98 bifurcate merging kinships | back 98 -also called iroquois system highlights parallel cousins while ignoring cross-cousins -common among tribal societies |
front 99 descent | back 99 ways people trace their kinship connections and social priviliges and obligations. falls under lineal and cognatic contributes to rules surrounding dalliance, marriage, and inheritance |
front 100 2 forms of unilineal descent | back 100 patrilineal descent matrilineal descent |
front 101 patrilineal descent | back 101 -descent through fathers and men -more common than matrilineal descent -children of women in the decent group belong to their husbands descent group |
front 102 matrilineal descent | back 102 -descent through mothers and women -children belong to their wife's descent group -women are important but dont have authority |
front 103 2 types of cognatic descent | back 103 -ambilineal descent -bilateral descent |
front 104 ambilineal descent | back 104 -ability for someone to choose which side of the family they would like to associate with |
front 105 bilateral descent | back 105 -family tree is different for each grouping of offspring -descent is understood equally between mothers and fathers sides of family. |
front 106 marriage | back 106 formation of a socially recognized union |
front 107 purposes of marriage | back 107 -create a basic economic unit -provides structures for raising offspring -forms alliances between families and individuals |
front 108 monogamy | back 108 -2 people -common among industries/ postindustrial societies as mobile foragers |
front 109 polygamy | back 109 socially sanctioned union between more than 2 people at a time |
front 110 2 types of polygamy | back 110 -polygyny -polyandry |
front 111 polygyny | back 111 one man married to more than 1 woman |
front 112 polyandry | back 112 one woman married to more than 1 man |
front 113 endogamy | back 113 need to marry within a group |
front 114 exogamy | back 114 need to marry outside a group |
front 115 5 common types of post marital residence | back 115 -neolocal -patrilocal -matrilocal -avunculocal -ambilocal |
front 116 3 main types of marriage transactions | back 116 -bride wealth -bride service -dowry |