front 1 What is the pressure within the alveoli called? | back 1 Intrapulmonary pressure |
front 2 What can a spirometer data be used to identify? | back 2 Restrictive disease Obstructive pulmonary disease |
front 3 Which of the following are respiratory system processes? | back 3 External respiration Pulmonary ventilation |
front 4 Which of the following are true about the incentive spirometer? | back 4 It helps exercise the lungs It aids in clearing excessive mucus |
front 5 What are the two vital processes involved in oxygen transport in blood? | back 5 Loading oxygen into RBC and combining with protonated hemoglobin Unloading carbon dioxide from RBC into blood plasma |
front 6 Which condition is caused by punctured parietal pleura or ruptured visceral pleura? | back 6 Pneumothorax |
front 7 What determines the volume of the lungs? | back 7 Transpulmonary pressure |
front 8 Which process moves air into the lungs? | back 8 Inspiration |
front 9 Which process diffuses gases between blood to lungs? | back 9 External respiration |
front 10 What is the process of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood vessels and tissues called? | back 10 Internal respiration |
front 11 During acclimatization to high altitudes, what leads to increased ventilation? | back 11 Fine tuning of plasma chemoreceptors |
front 12 Which factor is involved in abrupt increases in ventilation during hyperpnea? | back 12 Psychological stimuli |
front 13 Which of the following types of dead space is caused by nonfunctional alveoli? | back 13 Alveolar dead space |
front 14 What is the relationship between pressure and volume modeled by? | back 14 Boyle’s Law |
front 15 What can cause the formation of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration? | back 15 Limitation of cardiac output Limitation of oxygen loading in skeletal muscles |
front 16 Which of the four major processes of respiration focuses on exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide? | back 16 Transport |
front 17 Which of the following is the equation used in pulmonary functional test? | back 17 FVC/FEV1 x 100 = (%) |
front 18 What is hyperpnea? | back 18 Increased ventilation rate |
front 19 Which of the following are the two volumes of the lungs? | back 19 Vital capacity Residual capacity |
front 20 Which of the following are lung capacities? | back 20 Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity |
front 21 Which of the following statements about intrapleural pressure is true? | back 21 It fluctuates with breathing It is always negative |
front 22 What altitude can cause mountain sickness? | back 22 Above 2400 meters |
front 23 Which of the following is the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level? | back 23 760 mmHg |
front 24 What is used to assess ventilation? | back 24 Spirometer |
front 25 What is the term for air remaining in passageways that does not contribute to gas exchange? | back 25 Anatomical dead space |
front 26 At what concentration should maximum oxygen be given to a patient? | back 26 Two atms |
front 27 Which chemical is released during acute allergic responses to promote edema and mucus secretion? | back 27 Histamine |
front 28 Which cell produces IgE antibodies in acute allergic responses? | back 28 Plasma cells |
front 29 Which regions do antibodies have? | back 29 Stem region that can remain bound to the B cell Antigen-binding site |
front 30 Which types of reactions occur in subacute hypersensitivities? | back 30 Cytotoxic reactions IgM and IgG transferred via blood plasma or serum |
front 31 Which type(s) of immune response may be hypersensitivity reactions? | back 31 Immediate hypersensitivity Delayed hypersensitivity |
front 32 Which of the following processes involve the clonal selection of B cells? | back 32 Identification of the correct antibody for a specific antigen |
front 33 Which of the following statements are true about natural killer cells? | back 33 They contain granules that cause inflammation They activate target cells to apoptosis They survey the blood and lymph for invaders |
front 34 Which stage(s) are included in the mechanism of immediate hypersensitivity? | back 34 Subsequent responses Sensitization |
front 35 Which of the following cell types originate in the bone marrow? | back 35 T cells B cells |
front 36 Which of the following benefits are associated with inflammation? | back 36 Disposes of cell debris and pathogens Activates the adaptive immune system Prevents spread of damaging agents Promotes repair |
front 37 Which of the following are components of the adaptive defense system? | back 37 Humoral immunity with B cells Cell-Mediated immunity with T cells |
front 38 Which of the following chemicals are produced by body membranes to inhibit or destroy microorganisms? | back 38 Enzymes Defensins Acids |
front 39 Which of the following diseases are caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? | back 39 Reduction of cellular immunity Opportunistic infections |
front 40 Which of the following are true about antigens? | back 40 They provoke an immune response They are targets of the adaptive immune system |
front 41 Which of the following is a stage of inflammation? | back 41 Release of inflammatory chemicals leading to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability |
front 42 Which of the following diseases are caused by immunodeficiencies? | back 42 Hodgkin's disease Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome |
front 43 Which line(s) of defense are included in the immune system? | back 43 Innate defense system Adaptive defense system |
front 44 Which of the following are components of the innate second line of defense? | back 44 Natural killer cells Cells that respond with inflammation Phagocytes |
front 45 Which of the following are true about autoimmune diseases? | back 45 The antibodies produced destroy body tissues They occur as the immune system loses the ability to distinguish self |
front 46 Which of the following are features of Treg cells? | back 46 They reduce inflammation during exercise They maintain the homeostasis of the immune system |
front 47 What is the main function of the spleen? (Select all that apply) | back 47 The spleen has overlapping functions with the lymph node to survey for invaders. The spleen recycles iron, platelets, and monocytes. The spleen has a blood supply. |
front 48 Which of the following statements about the lymph nodes is correct? (Select all that apply) | back 48 Afferent vessels feed the lymph node and efferent vessels empty lymph nodes. The lymph node cleans and houses cells that survey the lymph for invaders. |
front 49 Which of the following statements regarding the lymphatic vessels is true? (Select all that apply) | back 49 The lymphatic vessels can take in large molecules/particles. The collecting lymphatic vessels have one-way check valves. The lymphatic vessels are blind-ended meaning they have flaplike minivalves that make them more permeable when compared to blood capillaries. Lymph transport is driven by smooth muscle around lymph walls, contraction of skeletal muscle, and valves preventing backflow. |
front 50 Which of the following statements about the thymus is correct? (Select all that apply) | back 50 The thymus houses T cells during their maturation process. The thymus is very specialized and lacks B cells. The blood thymus barrier maintains the isolation of T cells from antigens |
front 51 What is true about MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues)? (Select all that apply) | back 51 MALT house many types of immune cells. MALT includes tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and appendix. |
front 52 Which of the following statements about inflamed lymph nodes is correct? (Select all that apply) | back 52 Inflamed or swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of cancer development. Inflamed or swollen lymph nodes are known as buboes that result when an active immune response is occurring. |
front 53 Which of the following statements about the lymphatic system is correct? (Select all that apply) | back 53 Lymph is fluid that flows through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system has vessels that are one-way. The lymph is cleaned in lymph nodes. The lymphatic system is designed to return and clean interstitial fluid. |
front 54 What are the functions of blood? | back 54 Transportation Regulation Protection |
front 55 What are the layers formed by the centrifugation of blood? | back 55 Buffy coat Erythrocytes Plasma |
front 56 What components are included in formed elements? | back 56 WBC (Leukocytes) RBC (Erythrocytes) Platelets |
front 57 Where does hematopoiesis occur? | back 57 Red bone marrow |
front 58 Which blood group systems cause the most vigorous transfusion reactions? | back 58 Rh ABO |
front 59 Which phase of hemostasis involves platelet plug formation? | back 59 Platelet plug formation |
front 60 Which agglutinogens are present in type O blood? | back 60 Neither A nor B |
front 61 What is the protein found in RBCs? | back 61 Hemoglobin |
front 62 What is the range of RBCs' lifespan? | back 62 100-120 days |
front 63 Which hormone stimulates the formation of RBCs? | back 63 Erythropoietin (EPO) |
front 64 When is anti-Rh created in Rh^- individuals? | back 64 After the first exposure to Rh^+ blood |
front 65 How is a platelet formed? | back 65 Differentiates from a megakaryocyte |
front 66 Which leukocytes contain granules that promote inflammation? | back 66 Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils |
front 67 What type of stem cells produce all other elements besides B and T cells (Lymphocytes)? | back 67 Myeloid stem cells |
front 68 What is the role of albumin in blood plasma? | back 68 Buffering blood pH Maintaining osmotic pressure |
front 69 When do anti-A or anti-B form in the blood? | back 69 At about 2 months of age |
front 70 What indicates the presence of the D antigen in blood? | back 70 Rh^+ |
front 71 Which cells in our bodies are absent of nucleus and organelles? | back 71 RBCs (Erythrocytes) |
front 72 Which blood type is considered the universal donor? | back 72 Type O |
front 73 Which cells are classified as Agranulocytes? | back 73 Monocytes Lymphocytes |
front 74 What is the main component of blood plasma? | back 74 Water |
front 75 Which organ is responsible for oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading within RBCs? | back 75 Lungs |
front 76 How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin transport? | back 76 4 |
front 77 What does blood deliver to cells? | back 77 Nutrients Oxygen Hormones |
front 78 What forms a matrix of trapped RBCs and platelets in hemostasis? | back 78 Fibrin |