front 1 What does personality do? | back 1 This leads to individual differences in behavior explains consistency in behavior over times Explains consistency in behavior across situations |
front 2 Strong situation | back 2 This means that the personality present in the situations is uniform |
front 3 Weak situation | back 3 this means that personality stands out |
front 4 Trait Psychology | back 4 Description over explanation Personality as structure
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front 5 Lexical Research | back 5 When something is important to us, it is reflected in our language
Websters dictionary |
front 6 Which traits are most important | back 6 Synonym frequency Cross-cultural universality Factor Analysis |
front 7 Factor Analysis | back 7 Factor=cluster of closely related variables
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front 8 Five-factor model (OCEAN) | back 8 O: openness to experience C: conscientiousness E: Extraversion A: Agreeable N: Neuroticism |
front 9 Big 5 Validity | back 9 Extraversion scores predict
Openness scores predict
Neuroticism Score Predicts
Conscientiousness scores predict
Agreeableness scores predict
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front 10 Are personality traits stable? | back 10 after age 30, traits have very high-rank order stability rank order stability shifts on average, and is stableish Manifestation of traits changes over time |
front 11 Changes in personality | back 11 Neuroticism decreases Extraversion decreases Openness to experience decreases Agreeableness increases Conscientiousness increases |
front 12 Biological Theories of Personality | back 12 Early theory (Eysenck): baseline arousal
Newer theory: rRST (revised reinforcement sensitivity model)
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front 13 Behavioral Approach System (BAS) | back 13 Regulates appetite Goal to move toward something desired Go system |
front 14 Behavioral Inhibition system (BIS) | back 14 Regulates aversive motives sensitive to signs of punishment slow down system |
front 15 BIS/BAS | back 15 High sensitivity in BAS is associated with elements of extraversion and optimism High sensitivity in BIS associated with elements of Neuroticism |
front 16 Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) | back 16 Promotes behavior that keeps you from getting injured stress response Linked with fear-proneness |
front 17 Development of personality | back 17 Behavioral genetics evidence
Heritability |
front 18 Temperaments | back 18 Biologically based tendencies to act a certain way 3 level:
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front 19 Gene-environment correlation | back 19 Nature/Nurture debate Genes and environment affect not only behavior but also each other |
front 20 Emotional Stability | back 20 Consistency in a person's mood and emotions |
front 21 Humanistic approach | back 21 Approaches to studying personality that emphasize how people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self-understanding |
front 22 Person-centered Approach | back 22 To understanding personality and human relationship Emphasizes peoples subjective understanding of their lives |
front 23 Unconditional Positive Regard | back 23 That is, parents should accept and prize their children no matter how the children behave |
front 24 Redemption | back 24 Where things start out badly but transform for the better |
front 25 Contamination | back 25 Where things start out well, but then some person or event causes them to turn bad |
front 26 Meaning-making | back 26 Where an event or episode yields a deep insight into life |
front 27 Locus of control | back 27 People's personal beliefs about how much control they have over their lives |
front 28 Internal/locus of control | back 28 They bring their own reward |
front 29 External Locus of Control | back 29 Results from forces beyond their controls |
front 30 Personal Constructs | back 30 Personal theories of how the world works |
front 31 Person factors | back 31 Persons characterized |
front 32 Recipiocal Determinism | back 32 The theory that the expression of personality can be explained by the interaction of environment, personal factors, and behavior itself |
front 33 Need for cognition | back 33 The tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking about difficult questions or problems |
front 34 Situationism | back 34 The theory that behavior is determined more by situations than by personality traits |
front 35 Mischel Theory | back 35 Person/Situation debate:
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front 36 Interactionism | back 36 The theory that behavior is determined jointly by situation and underlying dispositions |
front 37 Rank-Ordering | back 37 Refers to stability Stable over the personality, at different ages |
front 38 mean-level changes | back 38 focusing only on rank-ordering stability can hide changes in personality that many people experience at some stages of life Increases self-control and emotional stability with age Less neurotic, less extracted |
front 39 Idiographic approaches | back 39 Person-centered approaches to assessing personality that focus in individual lives and have various characteristic are integrated into the unique person |
front 40 Nomothetic approaches | back 40 Approaches to assessing personality to focus on the variation in common characteristics from person to person |
front 41 Projective measures | back 41 The personality test that examines tendencies and responses to certain stimuli |
front 42 Evaluative | back 42 The tendency is particularity for traits that are highly valued in society Blind spot |
front 43 Self-schema | back 43 A knowledge structure that contains memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self and that helps people efficiently perceive, organize, interpret, and uses information related to themselves |
front 44 self-concept | back 44 Larger idea Encompassing all the information and beliefs we hold about who we are |
front 45 Working self-concept | back 45 Self-concepts that is available during immediate experience |
front 46 Reflected appraisal internalize | back 46 values and beliefs expressed, beliefs on self |
front 47 Sociometer Theory | back 47 Self-esteem is a mechanism for mattering the likelihood of social exclusion An internal mandatory of social acceptance or rejection |
front 48 Better-than average effect | back 48 people with higher self-esteem are especially likely to exhibit these effect Most people describe themselves as above average |
front 49 Positive illusions | back 49 Overly favorable and unrealistic beliefs |
front 50 social companison | back 50 The tendency for people to evaluate their own actions, abilities, and beliefs by contrasting them with other people Comparison to others |
front 51 Downward | back 51 Feels good provide little information |
front 52 Upward | back 52 Feels bad but it can provide information to improve |
front 53 Self-serving bais | back 53 The tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure an external factors |
front 54 Western | back 54 Value independent success Independent |
front 55 Eastern | back 55 Values harm any coherence with the group Interdepends |