front 1 What are the essential processes involved in multicellular development? | back 1 Cell proliferation, cell specialization, cell interaction, and cell movement |
front 2 How do cell differentiate? | back 2 They all start the same, but they respond to the signals from neighboring cells to know what they will differentiate into which is called (inductive signaling) |
front 3 T/F Signals have to be come from cells directly in contact | back 3 False. It can come from a diffusible molecule, from a long range or in direct contact. |
front 4 How do morphogens work? | back 4 Imagine a line of undifferentiated cells. Morphogens start from the left most cell and diffuse their way down the line to the right. The cells closer to the source will have a higher concentration, while the cells farther away will have a lower concentration. The range of concentrations will determine what the cell will differentiate into. |
front 5 Does one signal determine the entire fate of all cells? | back 5 Nope! Multiple combinations of different signals will determine what the cell will be when it "grows up" haha. It also will remember previous developmental signals/events |
front 6 What is lateral inhibition? | back 6 When the a cell gets excited (signals) the one nearby it is still getting the signal but to a much less extent because the main cell is blocking it (inhibition) |
front 7 Asymmetry is self-amplifying meaning that it is a ________ | back 7 Positive feedback loop |
front 8 What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric division? | back 8 Symmetric division means they divide equally, but due to external signals will differentiate. Asymmetric division means they divide unequally from the start |
front 9 How does the Notch Pathway work? | back 9 For ex: 2 undifferentiated cells in close contact. Each one has a Notch receptor and a Delta ligand in their membrane. Each will compete by trying to inhibit the other cell until it becomes the specialized cell |
front 10 What happens to Notch after the Pathway is complete? | back 10 It is cleaved 3 times. ADAM will cleave the Notch receptor from where it is docked. The remaining of the receptor gets cleaved as well. Then a Gamma-secretase will cleave the tail on the inside off and the tail migrates to the nucleus. |
front 11 What is Wnt? | back 11 It's a series of growth stimulating factors |
front 12 Why is B-catenin dangerous if not degraded? | back 12 It can lead to higher levels of B-catenin and can cause the cell to become carcinogenic because it translocate to the nucleus and transcriptionally activates a group of genes |
front 13 What happens if the Wnt signaling pathway is stopped? | back 13 Cell proliferation and differentiation will decrease dramatically leading to developmental abnormalities and cancer diseases |
front 14 How doe axin play a role is regulating B-catenin? What will happen if Wnt signaling is connected to the Frizzled receptor | back 14 It ubiquinates the B-catenin and makes it degrade. When Wnt binds, it calls the axin over to and leaves B-catenin unattended. |
front 15 What is a single membrane protrusion on the surface of most vertebrate cells called? | back 15 Primary cilium |
front 16 Describe how the cell is without Hedgehog. | back 16 The receptor Patched inhibits Smoothed which allows Gpr161 turn on Gli3 (transcriptional repressor). Birth defects will occur |
front 17 Describe how the cell is with Hedgehog | back 17 Patched is being occupied with the Hedgehog signal. Smoothed removes the 2 proteins (Patched and Gpr161) and Smoothed is left to its own devices on the primary cilium. In moving there, Smoothed leaves Sufu (inhibitor of Gli2) unattended allowing Gli 2 to move into the nucleus and transcribe target genes. |
front 18 * Inflammatory stress signaling through NFkB | back 18 Slide 16 |
front 19 How nuclear receptors function as transcription factors | back 19 Slide 17-19 |
front 20 Understand how circadian clocks are negative feedback pathways | back 20 The TIM proteins makes you sleepy. In the daytime, sunlight causes degradation of the TIM protein |
front 21 T/F Multicellularity evolved independently in plants and animals | back 21 True! Plants don't have pathways like Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch etc. Humans don't have chloroplasts |
front 22 Animals use _______ kinases while plants mainly use ______ kinases | back 22 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTKs), Serine/ Threonine kinases |
front 23 How does ethylene work? | back 23 Without it binding, the EIN3 will be degraded. (plant won't grow/ develop more). When it binds, EIN3 is left alone to further develop and ripen the plant |
front 24 How does Auxin hormone work? | back 24 Cells in the roots will direct roots to grow downwards by send a bunch of auxin over to the area. Auxin will help activate the growth factor. Without it, the growth factor will degrade |
front 25 How does Phytochromes and Cryptochromes work? | back 25 Phytochromes are activated by red light to phosphorylate themselves to control transcription. Cryptochromes just sense blue light. |