front 1 Functions of the skeletal system | back 1
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front 2 Hematopoiesis | back 2 Production of blood cells; occurs in red bone marrow |
front 3 Long bones | back 3 cylindrical in shape & longer than it is wide ex. humerus, femur, metacarpals & metatarsals |
front 4 Short bones | back 4 cube like in shape & equal in length, width and thickness ex. carpals & tarsals |
front 5 Flat bones | back 5 thin bone that is sometimes curved ex. scapulae, cranial (skull) bones, sternum & ribs |
front 6 Irregular bones | back 6 not an easily characterized shape ex. vertebrae & many facial bones |
front 7 Sesamoid bones | back 7 shaped like a sesame seed ex. patella & variable number in tendons |
front 8 Diaphysis | back 8 shaft of long bone |
front 9 Epiphysis | back 9 the proximal & distal ends of the bone |
front 10 Metaphysis | back 10 narrow area between the diaphysis and epiphysis at each end of the bone |
front 11 Medullary cavity | back 11 hollow region in the diaphysis filed with yellow marrow |
front 12 Epiphyseal plate | back 12 area of bone growth in length (growth plate) found in the metaphysis |
front 13 Epiphyseal line | back 13 visible line that remains after the epiphyseal plate stops growing in length after childhood |
front 14 Endosteum | back 14 lining of the medullary cavity; site of bone growth & repair |
front 15 Periosteum | back 15 a fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone; site of ligament & tendon attachment |
front 16 Articular cartilage | back 16 thin layer of cartilage that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber at the ends of the bones; made of hyaline cartilage |
front 17 Diploe | back 17 layer of spongy bone between the compact bone outer layers; found in the flat bones like those in the cranium |
front 18 Articulations | back 18 where 2 bones meet; knee joint |
front 19 Head | back 19 prominent rounded surface; head of femur or humerus |
front 20 Facet | back 20 flat surface; vertebrae |
front 21 Condyle | back 21 rounded surface; occipital condyles |
front 22 Projection | back 22 raised markings; spinous process of vertebrae |
front 23 Protuberance | back 23 protruding, chin |
front 24 Process | back 24 prominent feature; transverse process, styloid process |
front 25 Spine | back 25 sharp process; ischial spine, scapular spine |
front 26 Tubercle | back 26 small, rounded process; greater and lesser on humerus |
front 27 Tuberosity | back 27 rough surface; deltoid tuberosity, radial tuberosity |
front 28 Line | back 28 slight elongated ridge |
front 29 Crest | back 29 ridge, iliac crest |
front 30 Fossa | back 30 elongated basin, glenoid fossa |
front 31 Fovea | back 31 small pit; fovea capitis |
front 32 Sulcus | back 32 groove |
front 33 Canal | back 33 passage in bone; auditory canal |
front 34 Fissure | back 34 slit through bone |
front 35 Foramen | back 35 hole through bone; foramen magnum, in occipital bone |
front 36 Meatus | back 36 opening into canal; external auditory meatus |
front 37 Sinus | back 37 air filled space in bone; maxillary sinus (nasal) |
front 38 Osteocyte | back 38 most common type of bone cell; located in the lacunae and maintains bone tissue (a mature bone cell) |
front 39 Osteoblast | back 39 bone cell that forms new bone tissue/matrix (but not new bone cells) |
front 40 Osteogenic cell | back 40 only bone cells capable of mitosis: they divide & form osteoblast which secrete collagen & calcium to form bone tissue & then become osteocytes (stem cell) |
front 41 Osteoclast | back 41 responsible for breaking down bone tissue (reabsorbs bone) |
front 42 Osteon (Haversian system) | back 42 structural unit of compact bone |
front 43 Central canal | back 43 long cylindrical cavity in the center of each osteon containing blood vessels, nerves & lymphatic vessels |
front 44 Perforating canal (Volkmann's canal) | back 44 smaller cylindrical cavities that carry the blood vessels, nerves & lymphatic vessels from the central canal out to the periosteum & endosteum |
front 45 Canaliculi | back 45 canals that connect the osteocytes in the lacunae to each other & also to the central canal |
front 46 Lacuna | back 46 small spaces that each contain an osteocyte; found between the lamellae (or rings) |
front 47 Lamellae | back 47 concentric rings of calcified matrix |
front 48 Trabeculae | back 48 lattice like network of matrix spikes that are arranged to provide maximum strength in spongy bone |
front 49 Cancellous bone (Spongy bone) | back 49 type of bone; it doesn't have osteons but does have osteocytes in lacunae arranged in the trabeculae around open spaces filled with red marrow for hematopoiesis |
front 50 Compact bone | back 50 dense type of bone made of osteons |
front 51 Hematopoiesis | back 51 blood cell production in red bone marrow |
front 52 Nutrient foramen | back 52 small opening in the diaphysis for the passage of blood vessels |
front 53 2 types of Ossification | back 53 1. Intramembranous Ossification 2. Endochondral Ossification |
front 54 Interstitial growth | back 54 growth in the epiphyseal plate which leads to a growth in length for the bone |
front 55 Appositional growth | back 55 growth in the endosteum & periosteum so therefore results in growth in the width/diameter for the bone |
front 56 Modeling | back 56 resorption & laying down new bone during a bone's growth in childhood |
front 57 Remodeling | back 57 resorption & laying down new bone as a result of injury, exercise or any change in strain on the bone |
front 58 Fracture | back 58 any broken bone |
front 59 Closed reduction | back 59 manipulation & the bone in its natural position without surgery |
front 60 Open reduction | back 60 returning a bone to its natural position with use of surgery |
front 61 Osteoblast | back 61 new bone |
front 62 Osteoclast | back 62 old bone |
front 63 Transverse | back 63 occurs straight across the long axis of the bone |
front 64 Oblique | back 64 occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees |
front 65 Spiral | back 65 bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion |
front 66 Comminuted | back 66 Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments |
front 67 Impacted | back 67 One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression |
front 68 Greenstick | back 68 A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken; commonly seen in children |
front 69 Open (or compound) | back 69 a fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection |
front 70 Closed (or simple) | back 70 a fracture in which the skin remains intact |
front 71 Fracture Repair | back 71
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front 72 Paget's Disease | back 72 disease in patients over 40 years of age with abnormal remodeling of bone due to overactive osteoclasts which leads to weakened & abnormally shaped bones usually in the pelvis & lower extremities but can affect any bones |
front 73 Osteogenesis imperfecta | back 73 genetic disease causing brittle bones subject to frequent multiple fractures |
front 74 Osteoporosis | back 74 decrease in bone mass that occurs with increased age resulting in vertebrae, femur & wrist fractures most commonly |
front 75 Hypocalcemia | back 75 abnormally low calcium levels in blood |
front 76 Hypercalcemia | back 76 abnormally high blood calcium levels |
front 77 Parathyroid hormone | back 77 raises blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts |
front 78 Calcitonin | back 78 lowers blood calcium by activating osteoblasts |