front 1 movement descriptors | back 1 terms used to describe movements and/or directions of movement |
front 2 abduction | back 2 moving a body part away from the midline |
front 3 adduction | back 3 moving a body part toward the midline |
front 4 circumduction | back 4 moving a body part in a circular motion |
front 5 depression | back 5 moving a body part in an inferior direction (mostly used in reference to the shoulders) |
front 6 elevation | back 6 moving a body part in a superior direction (mostly used in reference to the shoulders) |
front 7 dorsiflexion | back 7 moving the dorsal aspect of the foot upward |
front 8 plantarflexion | back 8 moving the plantar aspect of the foot downward |
front 9 eversion | back 9 turning the plantar aspect of the foot away from the midline (outward) |
front 10 inversion | back 10 turning the plantar aspect of the foot toward the midline (inward) |
front 11 flexion | back 11 bending movement that decreases the joint angle |
front 12 extension | back 12 straightening movement that increases the joint angle |
front 13 hyperextension | back 13 excessive extension of a body part at a joint, moving beyond normal anatomical position |
front 14 pronation | back 14 turning the hand so the palm faces downward (may also be used with foot/ankle motion) |
front 15 Supination | back 15 turning the hand so the palm faces upward (may also be used with foot/ankle motion) |
front 16 protraction | back 16 moving a body part forward (generally referencing the scapula-moving the arms anterior at the shoulder) |
front 17 retraction | back 17 moving a body part backward (generally referencing the scapula-moving the arms posterior at the shoulder) |
front 18 internal rotation | back 18 rotation of the hip or shoulders toward the midline |
front 19 external rotation | back 19 rotation of the hip or shoulders away from the midline |
front 20 rotation | back 20 turning on a single axis |