Which of the following pairs is the best example of homologous structures?

Eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the North American mole.
Wings on an owl and wings on a hornet.
The shape of the dorsal fin in dolphins and the shape of the dorsal fin in sharks.
Bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb.

Bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb.

Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae). If the molecular data best reflect the evolutionary history of these two groups, then the morphological similarities of these two species is most likely due to which of the following processes?

Possession of analogous (convergent) traits.

Which of the following information would be most useful in creating a phylogenetic tree of a taxon?

Morphological data from fossil and living species.
A knowledge of color patterns in fossil and living species.
A knowledge of mutation rates in modern species.
Morphological data from fossil species.

Morphological data from fossil and living species.

Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of a type of plant called orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily plant. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily?

To serve as an outgroup.

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of maximum parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees?

Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree.
For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the fewest evolutionary events.
The principal of analogy validates the principle of parsimony.
The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied.

For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the fewest evolutionary events.

Birds and mammals have four limbs. Which of the following statements describes this trait?

The trait is a shared ancestral character.
The trait is a shared derived character.
The trait is useful for distinguishing birds from mammals.
The trait is an example of analogy rather than homology.

The trait is a shared ancestral character.

The lakes of northern Minnesota are home to many similar species of damselflies of the genus Enallagma. These species have apparently undergone speciation from ancestral stock since the last glacial retreat about 10 thousand years ago. Sequencing which of the following nucleic acids or proteins would probably be most useful in sorting out evolutionary relationships among these closely related species?

Conserved regions of nuclear DNA.
Mitochondrial DNA.
Amino acids in proteins.
Ribosomal RNA.

Mitochondrial DNA.

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temperature. Which of the following statements best explains the inability of bacteria to survive in such an environment?

They undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell.
They are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death.
They are obligate anaerobes.
They are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials.

They undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell.

Which of the following statements about flagella provides the best support for the claim that the flagella from eukaryotes and bacteria evolved independently?

The flagella of both eukaryotes and bacteria are made of the same protein.
The mechanics of movement are the same in these flagella.
The protein that accomplishes the movement is different.
The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella.

The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in eukaryotes flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella.

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic ribosomes, but not eukaryotic ribosomes. Based on an understanding of eukaryotic origins, which of these questions might be a target for research on chloramphenicol from this observation?

Can chloramphenicol also be used to control human diseases that are caused by archaeans?
Can chloramphenicol pass through the capsules possessed by many cyanobacteria?
If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes?
Can chloramphenicol be used to study ribosomal mutations in eukaryotes?

If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes?

In an eight-year experiment, a population of E. coli, begun from a single cell, was grown in low-glucose conditions. The culture was transferred to fresh growth medium every 24 hours. Periodically, samples were removed from each population and the ability to survive in low-glucose conditions was compared with the original (ancestral) E. coli population.

The cells in the cell line grown in low-glucose conditions showed the effects of which of the following processes?

Gene flow and genetic drift.
Natural selection and mutation.
Natural selection and gene flow.
Conjugation and transformation.

Natural selection and mutation.

Which of the following statements correctly describes F- cells and F+ cells?

Both types of cells can donate F plasmids to other cells.
Neither types of cells can donate F plasmids to other cells.
F+ cells function as DNA donors during conjugation and F- cells function as DNA recipients during conjugation.
F+ cells function as DNA recipients during conjugation and F- cells function as DNA donors during conjugation.

F+ cells function as DNA donors during conjugation and F- cells function as DNA recipients during conjugation.

A bacterium has the following characteristics:
∙ It adheres to the human intestinal lining using a feature that protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration.
∙ It can survive being boiled.
∙ It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan.
∙ The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics.
∙ The cell also lacks F factors and F plasmids.

Which of the following statements about the bacteria is most probably accurate?

The bacterium is unable donate DNA through conjugation with another cell.

Species 4 is pathogenic if it gains access to the human intestine. Which other species, if it coinhabited a human intestine along with species 4, is most likely to become a recombinant species that is both pathogenic and resistant to some antibiotics?

Species 3.

Which of the following processes leads to genetic recombination by the introduction of viral DNA into a bacterium?

Horizontal gene transfer.
Conjugation.
Transformation.
Transduction.

Transduction.

Which of the following statements correctly describes both phototrophs and chemotrophs?

Both are also autotrophs.
Both obtain their energy from chemicals.
Both obtain their energy from light.
Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemicals and phototrophs obtain energy from light.

Chemotrophs obtain energy from chemicals and phototrophs obtain energy from light.

Which species is most likely to be found in sewage treatment plants and in the guts of cattle?

Species 2.

Which of the following plant parts absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

Root cap.
Root hairs.
Taproots.
Storage roots.

Root hairs.

Which of the following structures is a modified horizontal shoot growing along the soil surface?

Rhizome
Tuber
Stolon
Rhizoid

Stolon

Which of the following biological molecules is specific to woody sclerenchyma cells?

Cellulose.
Starch.
Lignin.
Chlorophyll.

Lignin.

Some understory plants in dense tropical rain forests have very large leaves. Which of the following is the most likely selective advantage of these leaves?

The higher oxygen concentration on the forest floor stimulates leaf growth.
High rates of photosynthesis from these large leaves lower carbon dioxide levels in the interior of the forest.
Low light levels slow photosynthesis but increase respiration rates to provide energy necessary for leaf growth.
Increased leaf surface area maximizes light absorption for photosynthesis under low light intensity.

Increased leaf surface area maximizes light absorption for photosynthesis under low light intensity.

Which of the following describes an anatomical difference between roots and leaves?

Only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem.
Root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not.
A waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.
Vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves.

A waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

A meristem cell near the root tip.
A functional sieve tube element.
A tracheid.
A stem fiber.

A meristem cell near the root tip.

Which of the following structures is correctly paired with its function

Sclerenchyma–supporting cells with thick secondary walls.
Ground meristem–protective coat of woody stems and roots.
Guard cells–waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots.
Periderm–parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves.

Sclerenchyma–supporting cells with thick secondary walls.

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

Parenchyma.

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to which of the following human adaptations?

Breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase.
Putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline.
Removing red blood cells from circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels increase.
Increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase.

Putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline.

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

Secondary xylem.

STUDY QUESTIONS: Chapter 26, 27, and 35

STUDY QUESTIONS: Chapter 26, 27, and 35 (back of card)

In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is:

A shared ancestral character.

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree:

Choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology.

In Figure 26.4, which similarly inclusive taxon is represented as descending from the same common ancestor as Canidae?

Mustelidae

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up:

A paraphyletic group.

Based on the tree, which statement is correct?

Lizards and goats form a sister group.
Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.
Salamanders are more closely related to lizards than to
humans.
Goats and humans are the only sister group shown in this tree.

Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans.

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

Wolf
Domestic cat
Lion
Leopard

Wolf

The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in Figure 26.13 indicate that:

The homolog evolved more slowly in the mouse lineage.

A process that cannot produce genetic variation in bacterial
populations is:

Meiosis

Photoautotrophs use:

Light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.

Which of the following statements is true?

Archaea and bacteria have identical membrane lipids.
The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan.
Prokaryotes have low levels of genetic diversity.
No archaea are capable of using CO2 to oxidize H2, releasing methane.

The cell walls of archaea lack peptidoglycan.

Which of the following involves metabolic cooperation among
prokaryotic cells?

Binary fission
Endospore formation
Biofilms
Photoautotrophy

Biofilms

Which of the following describes a bacterium that lives in the
human intestine and causes disease?

Commensalist
Decomposer
Gut mutualist
Symbiotic pathogen

Symbiotic pathogen

Photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in

Cyanobacteria.
Archaea.
Gram-positive bacteria.
Chemoautotrophic bacteria

Cyanobacteria.

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of:

Cell elongation.

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the:

Endodermis

Heartwood and sapwood consist of:

Secondary xylem.

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by:

A change in the shape of the leaves produced.

The vascular cambium gives rise to:

Secondary xylem and phloem.

The root pericycle is the site where:

Lateral roots originate.

Root apical meristems are found:

In all roots.

Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl?

Petal-Petal-Stamen-Stamen

Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from
meristematic activity?

Secondary xylem.
Leaves.
Dermal tissue.
All of the above.

All of the above.

A strawberry plant mutant that fails to make stolons would suffer from:

A reduction in asexual reproduction.

QUIZ 2: Chapters 31 and 40

QUIZ 2: Chapters 31 and 40 (back of card)

Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?

The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane.

What are the filamentous mats formed by most fungi called?

Mycelia

If all fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms is most likely to benefit, due to the fact that its fungal competitors have been removed?

Flowering plants
Protists
Prokaryotes
Grasses

Prokaryotes

Which of the following statements describes an adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia?

The ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms.
The potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats.
The increased probability of contact between different mating types.
An extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

An extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

At which stage of a basidiomycete's life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?

Plasmogamy.

Which of the following statements correctly describes deuteromycetes?

They represent the phylum in which all the fungal components of lichens are classified.
They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage.
They are the group that includes molds, yeasts, and lichens.
They include the imperfect fungi that lack hyphae.

They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage.

Which of the following describes the evolution of multicellularity in fungi and animals?

Common ancestry.
Convergent evolution.
Inheritance of acquired traits.
Serial endosymbioses.

Convergent evolution.

Which of the following structures in an ascomycete is haploid?

Ascospore
Ascocarp
Ascus
Basidium

Ascospore

Which of the following types of fungi often live in the digestive tracts of sheep and cattle?

Ascomycetes
Mucuromycetes
Chytrids
Basidiomycetes

Chytrids

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism in a lichen?

Neither organism derives any benefit from the relationship.
The fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth.
The fungus fixes nitrogen for the photosynthetic microorganism.
The photosynthetic microorganism helps the fungus retain minerals.

The fungus provides the photosynthetic microorganism a suitable environment for growth.

Which of the following options correctly lists three evolutionary adaptations that help some animals directly exchange matter between the cells of their body and the environment?

A gastrovascular cavity, a body with two tissue layers, and a torpedo-like body shape.
An external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body.
A large body volume, a long, tubular body, and thin covering.
An unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering.

An external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body.

Which of the following properties are displayed by cardiac muscle cells?

Striated appearance and presence of intercalated disks.
Smooth appearance and under voluntary control.
Striated appearance and under voluntary control.
Smooth appearance and presence of intercalated disks.

Striated appearance and presence of intercalated disks.

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as ________.

Homeostasis

The use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat is mostly limited to small mammals. Which characteristic of small mammals created the selective pressure that favored the use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat?

Small mammals cannot grow enough fur to insulate their bodies.
Small mammals have a large surface area to volume ratio, which allows rapid heat loss.
Small mammals do not have enough muscle to generate heat by shivering.
Small mammals have lost their brown fat through the course of their evolution.

Small mammals have a large surface area to volume ratio, which allows rapid heat loss.

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. Which of the following observations is best for determining if the animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm.
You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal.
You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.

You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Which of the following organisms is most likely to have the highest total annual energy expenditure per unit mass?

Elephant
Horse
Human
Mouse

Mouse

The BMR of José, an adult human male, is approximately 1,800 kcal/day. Suppose that José ate 2,400 kcal of food in one day and that walking at a slow pace "burns" approximately 150 kcal per hour. How many hours would José have to walk to have a net zero energy gain for the day?

4 hours.

A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster–a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?

D

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.

its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

Which characteristic is most likely for an epithelium that is specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid-filled compartment to another?

A single layer of flattened cells.
Many layers of cells stacked together.
Large, cube-shaped cells.
Loosely connected cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix.

A single layer of flattened cells.

STUDY QUESTIONS: Chapter 31 and 40

STUDY QUESTIONS: Chapter 31 and 40 (back of card)

All fungi are:

Heterotrophic.

Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi?

Ascospores
Basidiospores
Zygosporangia
Conidiophores

Conidiophores

The closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the:

Animals.

The most important adaptive advantage associated with the
filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is:

An extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside
of cells is:

Connective tissue.

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat
exchange between an animal and its environment?

Feathers or fur.
Vasoconstriction.
Wind blowing across the body surface.
Countercurrent heat exchanger.

Wind blowing across the body surface.

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a
penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the
highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________
would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

elephant; mouse

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has:

Less surface area per unit of volume.

An animal’s inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs:

If it is growing and increasing its mass.

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How do you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Which of the following animals uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?

Marine jelly (an invertebrate).
Snake in a temperate forest.
Desert insect.
Desert bird.

Desert bird.

END

Good luck on the exam!

END (back of card)