front 1 What are the factors that influence insulin release? | back 1 Rising blood levels of amino acids and fatty acids Elevated blood glucose levels Release of acetylcholine by parasympathetic nerve fibers |
front 2 What are the functions of estrogen in females? | back 2 Regulate menstrual cycles Drive the maturity of internal reproductive organs and outer secondary sexual characteristics |
front 3 What is the mode of action of lipid-soluble hormones? | back 3 Enter the cell and act on intracellular receptors |
front 4 How does the cAMP pathway amplify the effect of a hormone? | back 4 One water-soluble hormone can cause the phosphorylation of multiple enzymes |
front 5 Which condition is characterized by the overproduction of glucocorticoids? | back 5 Cushing's syndrome |
front 6 What are the roles of insulin in the body? | back 6 Promote glucose transport into cells, inhibit glycogenolysis, inhibit gluconeogenesis |
front 7 What are the primary functions of the anterior pituitary hormones? | back 7 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) releases thyroid hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates estrogen & follicle maturation Growth hormone (GH) mobilizes fats & spares glucose Luteinizing hormone (LH) regulates progesterone & testosterone production Prolactin (PRL) promotes lactation Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) releases glucocorticoids & androgens |
front 8 Which hormones are considered water-soluble? | back 8 Amino acid-based hormones (excluding thyroid hormones) |
front 9 How does the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis work? | back 9 Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of anterior pituitary hormones which in turn stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones |
front 10 Which organs produce estrogen? | back 10 Ovaries |
front 11 Which organs are a part of the endocrine system? | back 11 Thymus Parathyroid gland Adrenal glands Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Pineal gland Pituitary gland Pancreas Gonads (ovary & testis) |
front 12 Which hormones act on intracellular receptors within the cytosol before entering the nucleus? | back 12 Lipid-soluble hormones (and thyroid hormone) |
front 13 Which hormones increase heart rate and blood pressure? | back 13 Hormones released from the adrenal medulla (catecholamines): dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine |
front 14 Which cells secrete glucagon to increase blood glucose levels? | back 14 Alpha cells |
front 15 What is the role of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? | back 15 Regulate blood pressure by increasing sodium and water retention in the kidney |
front 16 What is the lipid-soluble hormone produced by the thyroid gland? | back 16 T3 (triiodothyronine) |
front 17 What are the two secondary messenger systems? | back 17 Cyclic AMP (cAMP) PIP2-Ca+2 |
front 18 Which hormone regulates salt & water balance? | back 18 Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) |
front 19 What produces a swishing sound as blood backflows through partially opened valves? | back 19 Heart murmurs |
front 20 What is the formula for calculating cardiac output? | back 20 Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume |
front 21 What does the T wave represent in an electrocardiogram? | back 21 Ventricular repolarization |
front 22 Which of the following statements is true about cardiac muscle? | back 22 It has short cells with 1-2 nuclei It is striated It has a pacemaker It has gap junctions that synchronize contraction of multiple cells |
front 23 What does the cardiac cycle represent? | back 23 The blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat |
front 24 What is cardiac output? | back 24 The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute |
front 25 What does the P-R interval represent in an electrocardiogram? | back 25 The AV node is delaying the impulse of the electrical signal |
front 26 When does the electrocardiogram end? | back 26 When ventricular repolarization is complete |
front 27 What is the purpose of Ca channels in the plasma membrane of the heart? | back 27 To ensure contraction |
front 28 Why is there an increased number of mitochondria in the heart? | back 28 To ensure contraction To support aerobic metabolism |
front 29 Why are neuromuscular junctions not frequent in the heart? | back 29 The heart muscles are stimulated through several/multiple gap junctions The electrical impulse travels across all cells |
front 30 During which part of the ECG does the combination of depolarization and repolarization occur? | back 30 The QRS complex |
front 31 Which of the following statements is true about skeletal muscle? | back 31 It is striated It is multinucleated It is long |
front 32 What does the S-T segment indicate in an electrocardiogram? | back 32 Ventricular depolarization is complete |
front 33 What causes the DUB sound of the heart? | back 33 Ventricular diastole |
front 34 What does the QRS complex represent in an electrocardiogram? | back 34 The AV node initiates ventricular depolarization Coupled with repolarization of atria |
front 35 Which of the following are initial stimuli for determining cardiac output? | back 35 Exercise Ventricular filling time Blood borne neurotransmitters/hormones/ions Blood pressure |
front 36 What is the value of cardiac output (in mL/min) if the heart rate is 95 beats/min and the stroke volume is 50 mL/beat? | back 36 4.75 L/min |
front 37 Which sequence accurately describes the order of systole and diastole in the heart? | back 37 Atrial contraction (systole), Atrial relaxation (diastole), Ventricular contraction (systole), Ventricular relaxation (diastole) |
front 38 What is the purpose of an electrocardiogram? | back 38 To detect electrical currents generated by the heart |
front 39 Which of the following correctly defines stroke volume? | back 39 The amount of blood pumped out by 1 ventricle with each beat |
front 40 What causes the LUB sound of the heart? | back 40 Ventricular systole |
front 41 Which statement accurately describes the relationship between vessel area and blood flow velocity? | back 41 As vessel area increases, blood flow velocity decreases. |
front 42 What are the factors that determine resistance to blood flow? | back 42 Blood vessel length Viscosity Blood vessel diameter |
front 43 Which of the following is a risk factor for hypertension? | back 43 Obesity Genetics |
front 44 What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in blood pressure regulation? | back 44 It maintains homeostasis of blood pressure in the short-term. It alters blood vessel diameter to change resistance to flow. |
front 45 In exercise hyperemia, what is the response of blood flow to metabolically active muscles? | back 45 Blood flow to metabolically active muscles increases. |
front 46 What are the molecules involved in bulk flow and diffusion in the bloodstream? | back 46 Bulk flow involves plasma, while diffusion involves gases and ions. |
front 47 Which of the following statements about blood pressure is true? | back 47 Blood pressure has two readings - systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Blood pressure has units of mmHg. |
front 48 What is the arterial pressure at the mid capillary? | back 48 0 mmHg |
front 49 Which of the following is not a complete exchange of fresh plasma for old plasma in capillaries? | back 49 Bulk flow |
front 50 What is the advantage of living and training in high-altitude locations for more than 6 months? | back 50 Increased number of blood vessels due to angiogenesis |
front 51 What cells release nitric oxide into the bloodstream? | back 51 Endothelial cells |
front 52 What is the role of bulk flow in capillaries? | back 52 It exits the capillary at the arterial end and enters the capillary at the venous end. It is an incomplete exchange of fresh plasma for old plasma. |