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ch 48 bio final

front 1

You feel something touch your arm, think it might be a fly, and you extend your arm to scare it away. In which order is the information about the touch processed?

back 1

sensory input, integration, and motor output

front 2

What type of neurons is responsible for the interpretation of sensory input

back 2

interneurons

front 3

In which of the following locations would we expect to find the release of neurotransmitter molecules?

back 3

in a chemical synapse

front 4

In a chemical synapse, where would we find an ionotropic receptor

back 4

the postsynaptic cell

front 5

Which of the following is expected in a neuron that is receiving input through tens of thousands of synapses?

back 5

highly branched dendrites

front 6

A nerve is a collection of ________

back 6

axons

front 7

Which of the following best explains the observation that a resting neuron membrane, while highly permeable to potassium ions, is not at the equilibrium potential for potassium?

back 7

The membrane is also slightly permeable to sodium ion

front 8

The activity of the sodium-potassium pump results in the movement of which ions across the plasma membrane

back 8

It pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

front 9

A researcher uses the chemical inhibitor cyanide to reduce ATP production in a neuron. What would be one effect of preventing ATP production?

back 9

The "resting" distribution of potassium and sodium ions would be altered

front 10

Which of these ions is more abundant in the interior of a resting neuron than in the fluid surrounding the neuron?

back 10

K+

front 11

What do we call a membrane potential in which there is no net movement of an ion across a membrane?

back 11

an equilibrium potential

front 12

Which of the following describes the ion channels of a resting neuron?

back 12

The channels are open or closed depending on their type, and are specific as to which ion can traverse them

front 13

If you experimentally increase the concentration of Na+ outside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential?

back 13

The membrane potential would become less negative

front 14

The concentrations of sodium and potassium ions are very different inside and outside a neuron. What contributes to these differences

back 14

sodium-potassium pumps

front 15

The Nernst equation specifies the equilibrium potential for a particular ion. This equilibrium potential is a function of ________

back 15

the ion concentration gradient

front 16

If you treat a neuron with a drug that increases membrane permeability to Na+, how would you expect the equilibrium potential for Na+ to change?

back 16

remaine unchanged

front 17

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, what would be the result of an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm?

back 17

hyperpolarization of the neuron

front 18

Which of the following will induce a graded hyperpolarization of a membrane under normal resting conditions?

back 18

increasing its permeability to K+

front 19

Conduction and refractory periods are typical of __

back 19

action potentials

front 20

Action potentials move along axons ________

back 20

more rapidly in myelinated than in unmyelinated axons

front 21

After the depolarization phase of an action potential, the resting potential is restored by ________.

back 21

voltage-gated potassium channels opening and sodium channels inactivating

front 22

Which of the following describes the cause of the undershoot phase of hyperpolarization?

back 22

the sustained opening of voltage-gated potassium channels

front 23

Which of the following would produce the fastest possible conduction velocity of action potentials?

back 23

thick, myelinated axons

front 24

Which of the following would most likely occur if you experimentally depolarize the middle of an axon to threshold using an electronic probe?

back 24

two action potentials will be initiated and will proceed in opposite directions

front 25

Why are action potentials conducted usually in one direction along an axon

back 25

The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated sodium channels

front 26

if you experimentally increase the concentration of K+ inside a cell while maintaining other ion concentrations as they were, what would happen to the cell's membrane potential?

back 26

The membrane potential would become more negative

front 27

Which of the following statements about action potentials is correct?

back 27

Action potentials propagate towards the synaptic terminal of an axon

front 28

Which answer explains why Na+ ions enter the cell when voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened in neurons

back 28

the Na+ concentration is much higher outside the cell than it is inside, and the Na+ ions are attracted to the negatively charged interior

front 29

A neurophysiologist is investigating reflexes in two different animals: a crab and a fish. Action potentials are found to pass more rapidly along the fish's neurons. What is a likely explanation?

back 29

the fish's axons are myelinated. The crab's axons are not myelinated

front 30

Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, and ouabain blocks sodium-potassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect?

back 30

immediate loss of action potential with gradual shift of resting potentia

front 31

In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged and demyelination results. How does multiple sclerosis manifest at the level of the action potential

back 31

Action potentials move more slowly along the axon.

front 32

If a pebble is tossed into a pond, it generates small ripples that decrease in size as the ripples move away from the point where the pebble struck the water. The decreasing size of the ripples as they move away from the initial splash is most like the way that signals spread ______

back 32

in a graded potential

front 33

At a neuromuscular junction, what process releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft?

back 33

exocytosis

front 34

Acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium/potassium channel and opens it. This is an example of ________

back 34

a ligand gated channel

front 35

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) will occur if a membrane is made more permeable to

back 35

potassium ions

front 36

The following are events in the transmission of a signal at a chemical synapse.

  1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane.
  2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm.
  3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal.
  4. The ligand-gated ion channels open.
  5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

Which sequence of events is correct?

back 36

3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4

front 37

Which of the following is an example of a ligand-gated channel?

back 37

acetylcholine receptors at a neuromuscular junction

front 38

Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to ____

back 38

hyperpolarize the membrane

front 39

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) occurring at multiple synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron can add together through __

back 39

spatial summation

front 40

Which of the following explains why one-way synaptic transmission occurs?

back 40

Receptors for neurotransmitters are mostly found on the postsynaptic membrane.

front 41

Which of the following is a characteristic of an electrical synapse?

back 41

gap junctions

front 42

The botulinum toxin, which causes botulism, inhibits __

back 42

presynaptic release of acetylcholine

front 43

Which of the following will decrease the heart rate of a vertebrate?

back 43

acetylcholine

front 44

What chemical affects neuronal function but is not stored in presynaptic vesicles

back 44

nitric oxide

front 45

What would most likely happen if twice as many inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) as excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) arrive in close proximity at a postsynaptic neuron?

back 45

no action potential

front 46

Which of the following is the most likely effect of applying the naturally occurring acetylcholinesterase inhibitor onchidal (produced by the mollusc Onchidella binneyi) to a neuromuscular junction?

back 46

the muscle cell would receive constant stimulation

front 47

Where are neurotransmitters released in a synapse?

back 47

the presynaptic membrane

front 48

A common feature of action potentials is that they ________

back 48

are triggered by a depolarization that reaches threshold

front 49

Why are action potentials usually conducted in one direction?

back 49

The brief refractory period prevents reopening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.

front 50

Suppose a particular neurotransmitter causes an IPSP in postsynaptic cell X and an EPSP in postsynaptic cell Y. A likely explanation is that ______

back 50

cells X and Y express different receptor molecules for this particular neurotransmitter

front 51

Which of the following is the most direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal?

back 51

Voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open