front 1 Which statement is true about innate immunity? | back 1 Innate immunity is the first, and most general, mechanism of protection against pathogens. |
front 2 A strain of fruit fly lacks the ability to produce Dicer-2 protein will most likely be susceptible to which of the following types of infections? | back 2 viral |
front 3 Vertebrate immune cells, which are phagocytic, include which of the following? | back 3 neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells |
front 4 Which of the following cells and signaling molecules are involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response? | back 4 mast cells and histamines |
front 5 Which of the following are typical features of an inflammatory response? | back 5 increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area |
front 6 Which of the following are molecules on mammalian cells that recognize macromolecules that are present in or on certain groups of pathogens? | back 6 toll-like receptors |
front 7 Which of the following can trigger septic shock? | back 7 certain bacterial infections |
front 8 A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. Which type of response is most consistent with these symptoms? | back 8 inflammatory response |
front 9 Acidity in human sweat is part of which type of immune system? | back 9 innate immunity |
front 10 Which of the following protects both the eyes and the respiratory tract against infections? | back 10 the secretion of lysozyme onto their surfaces |
front 11 Which statement correctly describes the complement system? | back 11 a group of proteins that act together in a cascade fashion |
front 12 Which response is triggered when bacteria enter the body through a small cut in the skin? | back 12 activation of a group of proteins called complement |
front 13 Mucus occurs in both the respiratory and digestive tracts. Which answer best describes the main immunological function of mucus? | back 13 to physically trap pathogens |
front 14 A phagocytic cell has a mutation in a gene for a hydrolytic enzyme that renders the enzyme nonfunctional. What is the most likely effect of the mutation when this phagocytic cell ingests a pathogen | back 14 the lysosome will not degrade the pathogen effectively |
front 15 Benadryl is an antihistamine. Which of the following is most likely to occur if a person that was stung by a bee takes Benadryl? | back 15 the site of injury will become less red and swollen |
front 16 7) You and your friend were equally exposed to a virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this? | back 16 You had an immunological memory of that virus |
front 17 Within a differentiated B cell, the activity of which molecule results in the rearrangement of DNA sequences between variable regions and joining regions? | back 17 recombinase |
front 18 Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ________. | back 18 short-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen |
front 19 An organism that lacks their thymus would __ | back 19 be unable to differentiate and mature T cells |
front 20 Which statement best describes the concept of clonal selection? | back 20 an antigen can provoke production of high amounts of specific antibodies |
front 21 ) Which of the following components make up a light chain of an immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule, of any class, with regions symbolized as C or V, H or L? | back 21 one C region and one V region |
front 22 Which statement best describes an account of immunological memory? | back 22 the observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased |
front 23 Use the following information to answer the following question. An otherwise healthy student in your class was infected with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) (the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis) when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. When she is exposed to EBV again later in life, she does not get sick or develop any symptoms of mononucleosis. Which of the following statements explains why your classmate does not exhibit symptoms of EBV infection? | back 23 Memory T cells recognized the virus upon the second exposure and activated cells that destroyed the virally infected cells. |
front 24 Which option best describes how a viral antigen, like EBV, is recognized by T cells? | back 24 An antigen fragment is presented within class I MHC to the T cell receptor |
front 25 Vaccination offers protection against future exposure to pathogens because it ________ | back 25 triggers clonal expansion of lymphocytes |
front 26 Which of these is a characteristic of adaptive immunity but not innate immunity? | back 26 memory |
front 27 Lymphocytes mature in the ____ | back 27 thymus and bone marrow |
front 28 Which of the following statements describe a component of the clonal selection theory of how the adaptive immune system functions? | back 28 Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one
antigen. Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated |
front 29 Which answer describes an advantage of having a system of adaptive immunity? | back 29 It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. |
front 30 Which of the following are similarities between B cells and T cells | back 30 Both undergo clonal selection after encountering an
antigen. |
front 31 A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently initiating a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most btestbanks.com accurately describes this cell | back 31 memory cell |
front 32 Which of the following statements about epitopes is incorrect? | back 32 There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope. |
front 33 If a T cell antigen receptor was composed of only a single alpha chain, the receptor would ________. | back 33 not be able to bind to antigens effectively |
front 34 Breast feeding confers which type of immunity to an infant? | back 34 passive immunity |
front 35 A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to ________. | back 35 interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex |
front 36 Which statement correctly describes both CD4 and CD8 proteins? | back 36 molecules present on the surface of T cells that interact with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules |
front 37 T cells of the immune system include ______ | back 37 cytotoxic and helper cells |
front 38 B cells are stimulated to differentiate under which of the following conditions? | back 38 helper T cells release cytokines |
front 39 Which statement best describes what causes the clumping of antigens when antibodies bind antigens | back 39 the antibody has two identical binding sites |
front 40 Which of the following enhances phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages? | back 40 the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes antibody-mediated opsonization of microbes |
front 41 Which of the following can result in naturally acquired passive immunity? | back 41 placental transfer of antibodies |
front 42 Which option best describes why Jenner's use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against the smallpox virus was successful? | back 42 there are some epitopes (antigenic determinants) common to both pox viruses |
front 43 Which treatment could relieve the symptoms of an individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin? | back 43 injection of antibodies to the toxin |
front 44 The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in the population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because ________ | back 44 each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene |
front 45 Which of the following best explains why a bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor to a given recipient even though they are compatible for blood transfusions | back 45 their blood-types may match but major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins may not be a match |
front 46 Which of the following components of the immune system destroys cancer cells by forming holes in plasma membranes and triggering apoptosis? | back 46 cytotoxic t cells |
front 47 Which of the following components of the immune system is most likely to be the same in identical twins? | back 47 the kinds of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules produced |
front 48 Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response? | back 48 presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface |
front 49 Yearly vaccinations for influenza viruses are necessary for humans because __ | back 49 rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells |
front 50 A patient has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure. Which condition is most consistent with these symptoms? | back 50 anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen |
front 51 Which of the following gives the best example for the ability of some viruses to remain inactive (latent) for a period of time? | back 51 herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host |
front 52 Which treatment is most appropriate for an individual complaining of watery, itchy eyes and sneezing after being given a flower bouquet? | back 52 antihistamines |
front 53 Which of the following would help a virus avoid triggering an effective adaptive immune response? | back 53 having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins building the viral shell from host proteins infecting and killing helper T cells |
front 54 Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease | back 54 a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself (loss of self-tolerance) |
front 55 Some people are allergic to dust mites, which are tiny insects that commonly live in house dust. Which of the following is the most immediate outcome if someone who is allergic to dust mites inhales dust years after they are first exposed to dust mites | back 55 IgE antibodies bound to mast cells bind the dust mite allergen |
front 56 Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an inherited X-linked recessive disorder characterized by low platelet count and a compromised immune system among other symptoms. Which answer best describes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome | back 56 inborn immunodeficiency disease |
front 57 Which of these is not part of insect immunity? | back 57 activation of natural killer cells |
front 58 An epitope associates with which part of an antigen receptor or antibody? | back 58 variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined |
front 59 Which statement best describes the difference between responses of effector B cells (plasma cells) and those of cytotoxic T cells? | back 59 B cells secrete antibodies against a pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells |
front 60 Which of the following statements is not true? 43.2 | back 60 A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. |
front 61 Which of the following should be the same in identical twins? | back 61 the set of MHC molecules produced |
front 62 Vaccination increases the number of ____ | back 62 lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen |
front 63 Which of the following would not help a virus avoid triggering an adaptive immune response? | back 63 producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses |