front 1 Q: What is differentiation in embryonic development | back 1 A: is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized cells that form tissues and organs with distinct functions. |
front 2 Q: What is morphogenesis | back 2 A: is the development of an animal's shape or body form, involving the organization of cells into tissues and organs. |
front 3 Q: What are the two functions of fertilization | back 3 A: 1. To combine two haploid sets of chromosomes into a diploid set. 2. To activate the egg, triggering developmental processes. |
front 4 Q: What happens during cleavage | back 4 A: is a rapid series of cell divisions that results in a solid ball of cells (morula), with no growth in the embryo size, only division of the original cell. |
front 5 Q: What is a blastomere | back 5 A: is a smaller cell formed during cleavage after the cytoplasm of the zygote is partitioned. |
front 6 Q: What is the blastula stage | back 6 A: is when the embryo has formed a blastocoel (fluid-filled cavity) after cleavage and is fully hollowed out. |
front 7 Q: What is gastrulation | back 7 A: is the process where cells from the outer surface of the embryo migrate inward, forming the blastopore and eventually creating three primary germ layers. |
front 8 Q: What is the blastopore and its role in protostomes and deuterostomes | back 8 A: is the opening where cells migrate inward. In protostomes, it forms the mouth, while in deuterostomes, it forms the anus. |
front 9 Q: What are the three primary germ layers formed during gastrulation | back 9 A: ecto meso and endo |
front 10 Ectoderm | back 10 – outer layer (nervous system, skin, etc.) |
front 11 Mesoderm | back 11 – middle layer (muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, etc.) |
front 12 Endoderm | back 12 – inner layer (digestive system, lungs, etc.) |
front 13 Q: What does the ectoderm give rise to | back 13 A: gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis, associated glands of the skin (sweat and sebaceous), inner ear, lens of the eyes, and adrenal medulla. |
front 14 Q: What does the mesoderm give rise to | back 14 A: gives rise to the notochord, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, circulatory system, dermis of the skin, and adrenal cortex. |
front 15 Q: What does the endoderm give rise to | back 15 A: forms the lining of the digestive tract, liver, pancreas, lungs, thyroid, parathyroid, and urinary bladder. |
front 16 Q: What happens during neurulation | back 16 A: involves the ectodermal cells flattening and sinking to form a neural groove. The edges elevate to form neural folds, which fuse to create a hollow neural tube. |
front 17 Q: What is the neural tube | back 17 A: is the structure formed after the neural folds fuse during neurulation. It gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. |
front 18 Q: What is organogenesis | back 18 A: is the process by which organs begin to form, including the neural tube and notochord, which give rise to the brain, spinal cord, and vertebrae. |
front 19 Q: What do somites form during organogenesis | back 19 A: formed from mesodermal blocks, give rise to the vertebrae of the backbone. |