front 1 how do cells communicate? | back 1 local and long distance signaling |
front 2 examples of local signaling | back 2 direct cell-to-cell contact secretion of local regulators |
front 3 long-distance signaling | back 3 involves chemicals often released by one cell type that travel through the body to target cells of another cell type |
front 4 three stages of cell signaling | back 4 reception, transduction, response |
front 5 reception | back 5 the target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell |
front 6 transduction | back 6 converts a signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response the binding of the signaling molecule changes the intracellular domain of the receptor protein allowing it to start the transduction of the signal |
front 7 response | back 7 the specific cellular response to the signal molecule |
front 8 ligand | back 8 signal molecule |
front 9 receptor | back 9 what the signal molecule binds to |
front 10 the binding between the ligand and a receptor is... | back 10 highly specific conformational change in a receptor protein = often the first step in transduction of the signal |
front 11 intracellular receptors | back 11 found inside the plasma membrane (cytoplasm or nucleus) signal must cross the plasma membrane - therefore must be hydrophobic |
front 12 plasma membrane receptors or cell-surface receptors | back 12 bind to water-soluble ligands |
front 13 G protein-coupled receptor (GCPR) | back 13 a membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein |
front 14 ligand-gated ion channels | back 14 specific signal molecules cause these to open and close in a membrane, regulating the flow of specific ions |
front 15 when the ligand opes the channel and ions flow into the cell... | back 15 the change in ion concentration can result in a change in cell activity |
front 16 signal transduction pathways | back 16 often involve a phosphorylation cascade greatly enhances the signal and allows for a larger cellular response series of molecular interactions that transmit signals from the cell's surface to the nucleus |
front 17 phosphorylation | back 17 the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule |
front 18 because the pathway is multistep... | back 18 the possibility of greatly amplifying the signal exists |
front 19 at each step... | back 19 enzymes (protein kinases) phosphorylate and thereby activate many proteins at the next level |
front 20 protein phosphatases | back 20 enzymes that remove phosphate groups and inactivate proteins that were activated by the kinases |
front 21 the signal can be... | back 21 turned on and off by phosphatases |
front 22 second messengers | back 22 small nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions not all components of the signal transduction pathway are proteins |
front 23 the second messengers, once activated, can... | back 23 relay and amplify the signal, often by initiating a phosphorylation cascade, resulting in a cellular response |
front 24 what do signal transduction pathways influence? | back 24 no data |