front 1 The ciliated epithelial cells in our upper and lower respiratory tract are part of the first line of defense against pathogens. Their function is to | back 1 trap and sweep microbes from the bronchi back up to the throat to be swallowed |
front 2 Enterotoxin, hemolysin, hyaluronidase, coagulase, and streptokinase are all | back 2 exotoxins |
front 3 Capsules are particularly important for | back 3 protecting bacteria from host defense mechanisms |
front 4 Which of the following organisms cause(s) nosocomial infections? | back 4 Staphylococcus aureus |
front 5 A very virulent bacterial pathogen landed on your arm. Which of the following does the bacteria excrete to get past the skin barrier? | back 5 Hyaluronidase |
front 6 The tetanus toxin is a particularly severe AB-toxin because it has the potential to affect processes that are needed everywhere in the body. It affects the | back 6 neurological control of all our muscles, including the heart. |
front 7 Urinary tract infections are among the most common nosocomial infections, and are mainly associated with the application of | back 7 catheters |
front 8 You are studying two different bacterial isolates. Bacterium A has an LD50 of 5 x 104 while bacterium B has an LD50 of 5 x 107. Which isolate is more virulent? | back 8 A |
front 9 Hemolysin is a toxin that lyses | back 9 red blood cells |
front 10 A _______ can be used on surfaces to sanitize, and a ________ can be used on living tissues to sanitize | back 10 disinfectant, antiseptic |
front 11 _________ are the most difficult to kill | back 11 bacterial endospores |
front 12 Which of these diseases that claim millions of lives per year is caused by a bacterium? | back 12 tuberculosis |
front 13 Peptidoglycan is the main structure of Gram negative bacteria that is recognized by immune cells and that can induce a very strong inflammatory reaction | back 13 false |
front 14 You made a 10% bleach solution on Friday. You can still use it Monday to effectively disinfect your lab bench | back 14 false |
front 15 E. coli is a beneficial member of the gut microbiota, an intracellular gastric pathogen, and an extracellular pathogen of both the gastrointestinal and urinary tract. How can so many strains of E. coli exist with so many different features? | back 15 The strains differ in what genes they have and can exchange these genes between each other to give virulence features to other E. coli |
front 16 After getting stitches in your hand at a hospital, you developed a MRSA infection in the stitches. This would be classified as a nosocomial infection | back 16 true |
front 17 Virulence factors are structures or excretions of bacteria that allow them to infect a host. Every pathogenic bacterium has typically only one virulence factor in its genome | back 17 false |
front 18 _________ are anaerobic bacteria that most often live in the free environment but can cause devastating human diseases, such as tetanus, botulism, and gangrene | back 18 Clostridium |
front 19 _________ is a form of horizontal gene transfer in Bacteria that is facilitated by viruses | back 19 transduction |
front 20 The prevalence of antibiotics in hospital settings can make nosocomial infections more difficult to treat | back 20 true |
front 21 The LPS layer is the | back 21 outer membrane in gram negative |
front 22 Your friend used a towel that was last used by someone infected with Staphylococcus aureus and gets an infection from the towel. What best describes this transmission mode? | back 22 fomite |
front 23 Which of the following diseases can be treated with antibiotics? | back 23 strep |
front 24 One the main sources for nosocomial infectious agents is the people handling the patients | back 24 true |
front 25 “Botox” is short for botulinum toxin and is produced by Clostridium botulinum | back 25 true |
front 26 All viruses require a live host cell to replicate | back 26 true |
front 27 What material is the capsid of a virus particle made of? | back 27 protien |
front 28 What is one major difference between non-enveloped and enveloped viruses? | back 28 Enveloped viruses have a lipoprotein membrane surrounding the nucleocapsid, while non-enveloped viruses are “naked” |
front 29 A virus’ envelope typically consists of | back 29 host cell membrane |
front 30 Why do RNA viruses have a higher mutation rate than DNA viruses? | back 30 The viral enzyme RNA replicase lacks proofreading capabilities and therefore is inaccurate |
front 31 The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase is needed to make | back 31 DNA from RNA template |
front 32 What technique can be used to quantify viruses? | back 32 plaque assays |
front 33 Bacteria are mainly infected by _____ viruses, while Eukarya are more frequently infected by _____ viruses | back 33 double strand DNA single strand RNA |
front 34 On earth, viruses outnumber bacteria cells | back 34 true |
front 35 Which of the following statements about the presence and distribution of viruses on/in a healthy human is true? | back 35 Most viruses are bacteriophages and occur in the large intestine |
front 36 Bacteriophages infect bacterial hosts in a series of steps, of which the correct order is | back 36 attachment, penetration, synthesis, assembly, release |
front 37 Bacteriophages that exhibit a lytic lifestyle are _______, while
lysogenic | back 37 actively replicating, incorporated into host genome |
front 38 What is the mode of spreading for the common cold virus? | back 38 droplet formite direct contact |
front 39 Everyone who carries herpesvirus always expresses symptoms. | back 39 false |
front 40 People infected with HIV/AIDS typically die from secondary
infections | back 40 true |
front 41 Why do sexually transmitted diseases tend to go untreated or undetected? | back 41 Many sexually transmitted diseases have mild or no symptoms in
healthy |
front 42 When rabies symptoms set in, death is inevitable | back 42 true |
front 43 Rabies is one of the few diseases where a vaccine is routinely administered post-exposure (after the bite has already happened) | back 43 true |
front 44 Coronaviruses circulate in animals such as bats. They typically reach humans via a _______ infection through an intermediate host such as cat-like animals | back 44 spillover |
front 45 "Botox" is a biotoxin that is cosmetically used - it is injected into the skin to purposely stop muscle control and hence decrease the formation of wrinkles. Which of the toxins we covered today is "botox"? | back 45 botulinum toxin, made by Clostridium botulinum |