front 1 Where is the majority of water stored in the human body? | back 1 intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment |
front 2 Select the person in the following list who would have the highest percentage of water in his or her body. | back 2 a 6-month-old baby boy |
front 3 What solute in body fluids determines most of their chemical and physical reactions? | back 3 electrolytes |
front 4 The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is potassium. | back 4 True |
front 5 Which of the following is an electrolyte? | back 5 potassium |
front 6 The fluid that bathes the cells found in tissues is called __________. | back 6 interstitial fluid |
front 7 What is the most abundant intracellular anion? | back 7 HPO42 |
front 8 What is the most abundant intracellular cation? | back 8 K+ |
front 9 What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid? | back 9 Na |
front 10 Which of the following creates the greatest osmotic pressure? | back 10 H3PO4 |
front 11 The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. | back 11 is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces |
front 12 In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake? | back 12 2500 ml |
front 13 What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day? | back 13 urine |
front 14 How much water is generated per day from cellular metabolism? | back 14 250 ml |
front 15 Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism? | back 15 increase in blood pressure |
front 16 What receptors does the brain use to detect changes in osmolality? | back 16 osmoreceptors |
front 17 What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality when concentrations become too high? | back 17 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
front 18 What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in all compartments? | back 18 hypotonic hydration |
front 19 Which of the following conditions promotes edema? | back 19 hypoproteinemia |
front 20 What is the hallmark of hypotonic hydration? | back 20 hyponatremia |
front 21 Which of the following would NOT be expected to lead to edema? | back 21 hyponatremia |
front 22 The role of ADH is to __________. | back 22 increase water reabsorption |
front 23 Under normal circumstances, most water is lost in __________. | back 23 urine |
front 24 The body's water volume is closely tied to a powerful water "magnet." What magnet is referred to here? | back 24 ionic sodium |
front 25 What is the driving force for water intake? | back 25 thirst |
front 26 Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dehydration? | back 26 increased muscle mass |
front 27 Which of the following regulates the secretion of K+ into the filtrate? | back 27 aldosterone |
front 28 What results from increased levels of aldosterone? | back 28 increased Na+ reabsorption |
front 29 Which of the following does NOT impact how much sodium is reabsorbed? | back 29 transport maximum of the renal proximal tubule |
front 30 PTH (parathyroid hormone) acts on the __________ to __________ Ca2+ reabsorption. | back 30 DCT; increase |
front 31 Potassium balance is controlled mainly by renal mechanisms. | back 31 True |
front 32 Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and electrolyte balance? | back 32 thyroxine |
front 33 Which hormone raises blood calcium levels? | back 33 PTH |
front 34 A patient is discovered to have a strange craving for iron objects. To try to determine the cause, her physician decides to order tests to determine if this patient might have some type of ______. | back 34 anemia |
front 35 Which of the following abnormalities would not be observed in a patient who has Addison's disease? | back 35 hypertension |
front 36 Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______. | back 36 the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential |
front 37 Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany? | back 37 Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated. |
front 38 Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.
| back 38 metabolic |
front 39 A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
| back 39 respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation |
front 40 A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?
| back 40 metabolic alkalosis with no compensation |
front 41 A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
| back 41 metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation |
front 42 Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?
| back 42 metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation |
front 43 Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
| back 43 respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+ |
front 44 Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?
| back 44 renal system |
front 45 The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?
| back 45 A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate. |
front 46 The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
| back 46 Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled. |
front 47 In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?
| back 47 The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions. |
front 48 Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?
| back 48 metabolic alkalosis |
front 49 Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?
| back 49 metabolic alkalosis |
front 50 Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
| back 50 respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3 |
front 51 Which chemical buffer system is the only important system in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that resists short-term changes in pH? | back 51 bicarbonate buffer system |
front 52 In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer? | back 52 weak base |
front 53 Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body? | back 53 aerobic breakdown of glucose |
front 54 The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance of the blood involves __________. | back 54 maintaining HCO3- balance. |
front 55 A decrease in blood CO2 levels leads to __________. | back 55 an increase in blood pH |
front 56 The primary buffer of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the __________. | back 56 bicarbonate buffer system |
front 57 The most common cause of acid-base imbalance is __________. | back 57 respiratory acidosis |
front 58 Which buffer system is the most abundant in the body? | back 58 protein |
front 59 Which organs are the ultimate acid-base regulatory organs? | back 59 kidneys |
front 60 What is the effect of hyperventilation on pH? | back 60 respiratory alkalosis |
front 61 What is the most common cause of acid-base imbalance? | back 61 respiratory acidosis |
front 62 Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance issues? | back 62 infants |