The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is

decreased cardiac output

Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for (Select all that apply.)

-Stroke

-cognitive impairment

-death

Which causes of shock are considered to be obstructive? (Select all that apply.)

-Pulmonary embolus

-cardiac tamponade

-tension pneumothorax

Acute coronary syndrome in the presence of thrombosis may present as ( Select all that

-Unstable angina

-MI

-sudden cardiac arrest

A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient’s symptomology is most likely related to

hypotension

Dysrhythmias are significant since they (Select all that apply.)

-can indicate an underlying

-disorder

-can impair cardiac output

Left-sided heart failure is characterized by

pulmonary congestion

First-degree heart block is characterized by

prolonged PR interval

An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of

premature ventricular complexes

A patient with forward effects of heart failure may present with which symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

-impaired memory

-mental fatigue

-confusion

Which statement is true about the incidence of heart failure? (Select all that apply.)

-Heart failure is the fastest growing cardiac disorder

-the increasing incidence and hospitalization rates of heart failure reflect the aging populations in the u.s

-the incidence of heart failure is 10 pero 1000 population after age 65

A patient has heart failure with a normal ejection fraction. Which findings are most likely found in this patient? (Select all that apply.)

Pulmonary congestion

-edema

-ejection fraction greater than 50%

The most common causes of heart failure are (Select all that apply.)

-Myocardial ischemia

-hypertension

A patient’s ECG lacks recognizable waveforms and is deemed to be in sinus arrest. The patient’s sinus arrest may be a result of (Select all that apply.)

-MI

-electrical shock

-electrolyte disturbance

-acidosis

The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is

Vasodilation

Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?

Anaphylactic

Sepsis has been recently redefined as a

systematic inflammatory response to infection

Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of

baroreceptor activity

Which causes of shock are considered to be obstructive? (Select all that apply.)

-pulmonary embolus

-cardiac tamponade

-tension pneumothorax

Positive inotropic drugs work by increasing (Select all that apply.)

-contractility

-cardiac output

-tissue perfusion

-myocardial oxygen demand

Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used ________ solutions that contain electrolytes.

Crystalloid

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

conversion of antigiotensin 1 and 2

Aortic regurgitation is associated with

diastolic murmur

Tumor necrosis factor a and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

catecholamines

Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with acute onset of

left ventricular dysfunction

A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of

mital regurgation

The Juxtaglomerular cells in the liver, when stimulated by low arterial pressure release renin activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

true

Atrial natriuretic peptides cause kidneys to increase sodium and water excretion by increasing the glomerular filtration rate.

true

Coronary perfusion can be altered by all of the following except;

with increased data receptor input there is a decreased coronary artery filling time

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

hemolytic streptococcal infection

Angina due to coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina

Prinzmetal Variant

Which one is false about Restrictive Cardiomyopathy?

Etiologies including amyloidosis and sarcoidosis

Which is false about Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

Considered acyantoic involves the foreman ovale

The ____________ is the failure of the pulmonary artery and aorta to separate resulting in the formation of one large vessel that receives blood from both the right and left ventricles.

Truncus arteriosus

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of

hypertensive crisis

After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of

right sided heart failure