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AP Bio Module 13-14

front 1

kinetic energy

back 1

energy in motion

front 2

potential energy

back 2

stored energy

front 3

chemical energy

back 3

form of potential energy, held in chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule

front 4

metabolic pathway

back 4

series of chemical reactions in which molec. are broken down or built up

front 5

ADP- adenine diphosphate

back 5

2 phosphate groups attached to sugar ribose, less chemical energy than ATP

front 6

AMP- adenine phosphate

back 6

single phosphate group attached to sugar ribose, even less chemical energy than ADP

front 7

first law of thermodynamics

back 7

law of conservation of energy that state universe contains a constant amount of energy, energy is neither created nor destroyed.

front 8

entropy

back 8

energy that is not available to do work takes form of an increase in disorder.

front 9

second law of thermodynamics

back 9

transformation of energy is associated with increase disorder of the universe

front 10

thermal energy

back 10

type of kinetic energy corresponding to the random motion of molec.

front 11

muscle contraction

back 11

form of kinetic energy associated with shortening of muscle cells

front 12

reactants

back 12

molecules in chemical reaction

front 13

products

back 13

transformed into other molec. in chemical reaction

front 14

forward reaction

back 14

proceeds from left to right and reactants are located on left side of arrow

front 15

reverse reaction

back 15

proceeds from right to left and reactants are located on right side of arrow

front 16

Gibbs free energy (G)

back 16

amount of energy available to do work

front 17

endergonic

back 17

reactions w positive free energy that require an input of energy and are not spontaneous

front 18

exergonic

back 18

negative free energy that releases energy and proceeds spontaneously

front 19

spontaneous

back 19

reaction releases energy

front 20

non-spontaneous

back 20

reaction requires a sustained input of energy

front 21

energetic coupling

back 21

spontaneous reaction drives a non-spontaneous reaction

front 22

metabolism

back 22

converts molec. into other molec. and transfer energy in living organisms.

front 23

metabolic pathway

back 23

series of chemical reactions that build or break down molec. in cells

front 24

catabolism

back 24

set of chemical reactions that breaks down molec. into smaller units and produces ATP from ADP and P

front 25

anabolism

back 25

set of chemical reactions that builds molec. from smaller units and requires an input of energy in forms of ATP which is hydrolyzed to ADP and P

front 26

enzymes

back 26

proteins that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions

front 27

catalysts

back 27

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions

front 28

carbonic anhydrase

back 28

reaction occurs in your bloodstream and is catalyzed by enzyme

front 29

transition state

back 29

unstable intermediate state between reactants and products

front 30

activation energy (EA)

back 30

energy needed to reach the transition state

front 31

substrate

back 31

the reactant of chemical reaction

front 32

active site

back 32

part of the enzyme that binds substrate and catalyzes its conversion to the product

front 33

transient

back 33

temporary covalent bonds

front 34

lactose

back 34

disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose

front 35

optimal temperature

back 35

temp. at which enzyme is most active

front 36

denature

back 36

when enzymes unfold because of high temp.

front 37

chaperones

back 37

help protect slow-folding denatured proteins until they can attain their proper 3-d shape

front 38

thermophiles

back 38

bacteria which thrives at high temp.

front 39

activators

back 39

increase activity of enzymes

front 40

inhibitors

back 40

decrease activity of enzymes

front 41

irreversible inhibitors

back 41

form covalent bonds w enzymes and irreversibly inactivate them

front 42

reversible inhibitors

back 42

form weak bonds w enzymes and therefore easily dissociate from them

front 43

competitive inhibitor

back 43

competes w substrate for binding to the active site

front 44

non-competitive inhibitors

back 44

do not compete w substrate for binding active site

front 45

allosteric site

back 45

bind to a site other than active site of enzyme

front 46

allosteric inhibitor

back 46

binds to site other than active site