front 1 Homology | back 1 similarity due to common ancestor |
front 2 Synapamorphy | back 2 homologous trait no descendant has lost |
front 3 Convergence | back 3 trait derived seperately |
front 4 Homoplasy | back 4 happening independently symplesiomorphy and convergence can lead to this |
front 5 Symplesiomorphy | back 5 some descendants have lost trait |
front 6 Bird and Bat wing Example | back 6 Synapamorphy in bats, not in birds |
front 7 Lysosyme examples | back 7 convergent evolution in molecules Molecules are homologous, ability is convergent gene duplication event in different genes of the same family monkeys, cows and Hoatzin: able to digest cellulose |
front 8 Orthology | back 8 2 genes broke off in speciation event |
front 9 Paralogy | back 9 2 genes broke off in a duplication event |
front 10 Xenology | back 10 genes result of HGT |
front 11 "true" alignment | back 11 when 2 sequences share more similarity than what we would expect by chance |
front 12 Pairwise sequence alignment (PSA) | back 12 accounts for ins/del (gaps) Make homology statements on DNA sequences |
front 13 Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) | back 13 many |
front 14 3 costs of making DNA alignments | back 14 cost of substitution (s) cost of gap, gap penalty (w) cost of extending a gap (g) |
front 15 Progressive MSA | back 15 done in order, one by one |
front 16 Iterative MSA | back 16 a little more complex, scoring to find best alignment |
front 17 Stochastic MSA | back 17 evolutionary algorothims ex. genetic algorithm ig |