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Biomenchanics exam #1 (Terms+others)

front 1

Force

back 1

Push or pull on an object

front 2

Internal forces

back 2

  • Act within an object or system whose motion is under investigation
  • Forces come in pairs (action and reaction)

front 3

Internal forces: tensile force

back 3

When pulling forced act on the ends of an internal structure

front 4

Internal force: compressive forces

back 4

When pushing forces act oj the ends of an internal structure

front 5

External forces

back 5

Act on an object as a result of its interaction with the environment surrounding it (when two objects touch)

front 6

Weight

back 6

W = m*g

w (newtons)= m(in kilograms)*g(9.81m/s^2)

front 7

Translation:

back 7

linear motions in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to & in the same direction as every other part of the body

front 8

Rotation:

back 8

  • motion in which a (assumed) rigid body moves in a circular path around some pivot point,
  • thus the entire body moves in the same angular direction & across the same number of degrees

front 9

Kinematics can be_____

back 9

active or passive

front 10

Degrees of freedom:

back 10

the number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint

front 11

max degrees of angular freedom

back 11

3 degrees for 2 cardinal planes

front 12

Arthrokinematics: the trio

back 12

  1. roll
  2. slide
  3. spin

front 13

Roll-slide

back 13

  • As primary movement of bone is to rotate across another bone’s surface
  • concurrent but equal + opposite side

front 14

spin

back 14

  • Spinning of one articular surface on another
  • NO SLIDE

front 15

THE RULE: Convex-on-concave =

back 15

opposite

front 16

THE RULE: Concave-on-convex

back 16

same

front 17

Joint articulation fits “the best” where?

back 17

  • at end range = close packed
  • provide more stability

front 18

Kinetics

back 18

The study of mechanics that describes the effect of forces on the
body

front 19

Rectilinear:

back 19

  • all points on a body/object move in a straight line.
  • Direction of motions& orientation of object do not change.
  • All points on object move the
    same distance.

front 20

Curvilinear:

back 20

  • all points on a body or object move
  • orientation does not
    change & all points move the same distance
  • path the object follows is
    curved.

front 21

Angular motion

back 21

  • rotation/rotary motion
  • More numerous than linear motion (human movement)

front 22

General motion

back 22

  • Combination of angular motions producing linear motions of multiple body parts

front 23

Displacement

back 23

  • vector quantity
  • has direction & magnitude

front 24

Speed

back 24

  • rate of motion
  • AVG= d/change in time

front 25

Velocity

back 25

  • rate of motion in a specific direction
  • AVG= velocity(or d)/change of time

front 26

Baseball fastpitch example

- baseball released @16.8m

- velocity @47.162m/s

back 26

  • v= d/change of time
  • change of t= d/velocity
  • 16.8m/47.163(m/s)= 0.356 seconds

front 27

hang time when initial vertical velocity (20 m/s) and initial horizontal velocity (15 m/s) is known

back 27

front 28

L = mv

back 28

  • L = linear momentum
  • m = mass
  • v = instantaneous velocity
  • L constant => sum of forces = 0

front 29

elastic collisions

back 29

momentum is conserved (transferred) and no energy is lost

front 30

inelastic collisions

back 30

momentum is conserved but energy is lost

front 31

Impulse

back 31

the product of force and the time the force acts

front 32

Torque equations

back 32

  • T= F*r
  • F = force
  • r = moment arm (perpendicular distance from axis of rotation)

front 33

Stability

back 33

  • dependent upon height of center of gravity, size of base of support, and the weight of an object

front 34

Locating Center of gravity

back 34

sum of force

front 35

centric forces

back 35

act through the center of gravity of an object and cause linear translation

front 36

Eccentric forces

back 36

  • (not muscle contractions) do not act through the center of gravity
  • they cause both linear and angular motion

front 37

Force couples

back 37

  • create angular motion
  • couples are forces that
    are equal in size, non-colinear, and act in opposite directions

front 38

1st class levers

back 38

  • HUGE forces
  • distance is really small.

front 39

2nd class levels

back 39

  • middle
  • output forces are modest, input distance is modest

front 40

3rd class:

back 40

  • WEAK output forces
  • HUGE distances

front 41

Potential Energy (2 types)

back 41

  • Gravitational
  • Strain (or spring) energy

front 42

Power

back 42

  • strongest contraction force is produced at the slowest speed
  • max POWER occurs at 1/3 -1/2 of a muscles max contraction velocity

front 43

Energy

back 43

the capacity to do work

front 44

Tension

back 44

the stress that acts perpendicular (or normal) to the analysis plane

front 45

Shear

back 45

A transverse stress that acts parallel to the plane of analysis

front 46

Bending

back 46

  • More complicated
  • creates different stresses at the analysis
    plane
    • creates both tensile & compressive forces

front 47

Wolff's Law

back 47

Bone remodels according to the stresses place upon it

front 48

Torsion

back 48

Occur when torques act about the long axis of an object

front 49

Poisson’s Ratio

back 49

  • Each material has a property (Poisson’s ratio)
  • determines the amounts of
    axial strain to transverse strain experienced during loading

front 50

Elasticity

back 50

The ability to stretch under tensile load but then return to it’s original shape

front 51

Elastic modulus

back 51

The ratio of stress-to-strain is called elastic modulus of a material

front 52

Resilient:

back 52

the ability to absorb stress/shock/assualt and return to a previous state