front 1 core | back 1 dense mass of nickel, iron, and radioactive elements that release massive amounts of heat; inner core is solid outer core is liquid |
front 2 mantle | back 2 soft solid of magma surrounding core, kept soft by intense heat from the core |
front 3 asthensphere | back 3 solid, flexible outer layer of mantle, beneath the lithosphere |
front 4 lithosphere | back 4 thin, brittle layer or rock floating on top of mantle (broken up into tectonic plates) |
front 5 crust | back 5 very outer layer of the lithosphere |
front 6 convergent tectonic plate | back 6 mostly granitic rock |
front 7 divergent tectonic plate | back 7 mostly basaltic rock |
front 8 divergent plate boundary | back 8 plates move away from each other, rising magma plume from mantle forces plates apart, forms mid- oceanic ridges, volcanos, seafloor spreading, and rift vallys (on land) |
front 9 transform fault plate boundary | back 9 plates slide past each other in opposite directions, forms earthquakes |
front 10 convergent plate boundary | back 10 plates move toward each other, leads to subduction (one plate being forced beneath another) when one plate is oceanic, forms mountains, islands, arcs, earthquakes, and volcanos |
front 11 magma | back 11 heated by the earth's core, rises toward the lithosphere, when cooled and expanded it forces oceanic plates apart (subduction zone), leads to mid-ocean ranges, volcanos, or seafloor spreading |
front 12 oceanic- oceanic | back 12 one plate subducts underneath the other |
front 13 oceanic- continental | back 13 dense oceanic plate subducts beneath cont. plate melts back into magma |
front 14 continental- continental | back 14 one plate subducts underneath other, forcing surface crust (mountains) |
front 15 ring of fire | back 15 pattern of volcanos all around pacific plate |
front 16 transform faults | back 16 likely location of earthquakes |
front 17 hotspots | back 17 areas of esp. hot magma rising up to lithosphere |
front 18 soil | back 18 mix of geologic (rock) and organic (living) components, sand, silt, clay |
front 19 humus | back 19 main organic part of soil (broken down biomass like leaves, dead animals, waste, etc.) |
front 20 nutrients | back 20 ammonium, phosphates, nitrates |
front 21 water | back 21 filters rain water+ runoff by traping pollutants in pore spaces+ plant roots |
front 22 nutrient recycling | back 22 home to decomposers that break down dead organic matter+ return nutrients to the soil |
front 23 habit | back 23 provides habit for organisms like earthworms, fungi, bacteria, moles, slugs |
front 24 weathering | back 24 breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces physical, biological (roots of trees cracks rocks), chemical (acid rain, acids from moss/ lichen) |
front 25 erosion | back 25 transport of weathered rock fragments by wind and rain,carried to new location and deposited (deposition) |
front 26 parent materials | back 26 soil pH, nutrient content |
front 27 topography | back 27 steep slope= too much erosion; more level ground= deposition |
front 28 climate | back 28 warmer= faster breakdown of organic matter; more precipitation= more weathering, erosion and deposition |
front 29 organisms | back 29 soil organisms like bacteria, fungi, worms breakdown organic matter |
front 30 o- horizon | back 30 a layer of organic matter (plant roots, dead leaves, animal waste, etc) on top soil |
front 31 a- horizon | back 31 aka top soil (layer of humus (decomposed organic matter) and minerals from parent material) |
front 32 b- horizon | back 32 aka subsoil; lighter layer below topsoil, mostly made of minerals with little to no organic matter |
front 33 c- horizon | back 33 least weathered soil that is closest to the parent material, sometimes called bedrock |
front 34 loss of topsoil | back 34 tiling (turning soil for ag.) and loss of vegetation disturb soil and make it more easily eroded by wind and rain |
front 35 soil degration | back 35 the loss of the ability of soil to support plant growth |
front 36 compaction | back 36 compression of soil by machines( tractors, bulldozers, etc) grazing livestock, and humans reduces ability to hold moisture |
front 37 nutrient depition | back 37 repeatedly growing crops on the same soil removes key nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Mg) over time |
front 38 geologic rock portion of soil | back 38 made up of 3 particles (sand> silt> clay) |
front 39 soil texture | back 39 The percent of sand silt and clay in soil (always adds to 100%) |
front 40 porosity | back 40 The amount of pore space a soil has more sand in soil= more porous/ higher porosity (easier for water and air to enter) more clay in soil= less porous/ higher porosity (harder for water and air to enter) nthe pore space within a soil |
front 41 permebility | back 41 How easily water drains through soil, more porous/ higher porosity= more permeable/ higher permeability |
front 42 H20 holding capacity | back 42 how well water is retained or held by soil, more porous/ higher permeability= lower H20 holding capacity |
front 43 soil fertility | back 43 ability of soil to support plant growth |